Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000051.xml
Download PDF
Semin Plast Surg 2023; 37(04): 287-298
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775888
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775888
Review Article
Seminars in Plastic Surgery: Pediatric Ear Anomalies and Reconstruction
Funding None.
Abstract
Congenital ear anomalies affect 15 to 20% of neonates and can be categorized as either auricular deformations or malformations. Deformations involve a fully developed, albeit abnormally shaped, chondrocutaneous framework, which makes them amenable to correction with ear molding within the first few months of life. Malformations involve hypoplastic or fully absent auricular structures that require augmentation with alloplastic and/or autogenous reconstruction. The goal of this article is to outline the various auricular deformities and malformations, followed by a description of the latest clinical management options, both nonsurgical and surgical, by auricular anomaly.
Publication History
Article published online:
10 November 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
References
- 1 Byrd HS, Langevin CJ, Ghidoni LA. Ear molding in newborn infants with auricular deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 126 (04) 1191-1200
- 2 Joukhadar N, McKee D, Caouette-Laberge L, Bezuhly M. Management of congenital auricular anomalies. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 146 (02) 205e-216e
- 3 Matsuo K, Hayashi R, Kiyono M, Hirose T, Netsu Y. Nonsurgical correction of congenital auricular deformities. Clin Plast Surg 1990; 17 (02) 383-395
- 4 Bhatti SL, Daly LT, Mejia M, Perlyn C. Ear abnormalities. Pediatr Rev 2021; 42 (04) 180-188
- 5 Daniali LN, Rezzadeh K, Shell C, Trovato M, Ha R, Byrd HS. Classification of newborn ear malformations and their treatment with the EarWell infant ear correction system. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139 (03) 681-691
- 6 Bartel-Friedrich S. Congenital auricular malformations: description of anomalies and syndromes. Facial Plast Surg 2015; 31 (06) 567-580
- 7 Luquetti DV, Heike CL, Hing AV, Cunningham ML, Cox TC. Microtia: epidemiology and genetics. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A (01) 124-139
- 8 van Wijk MP, Breugem CC, Kon M. A prospective study on non-surgical correction of protruding ears: the importance of early treatment. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012; 65 (01) 54-60
- 9 Ali K, Meaike JD, Maricevich RS, Olshinka A. The protruding ear: cosmetic and reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg 2017; 31 (03) 152-160
- 10 Schneider AL, Sidle DM. Cosmetic otoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2018; 26 (01) 19-29
- 11 Schultz K, Guillen D, Maricevich RS. Newborn ear deformities: early recognition and novel nonoperative techniques. Semin Plast Surg 2017; 31 (03) 141-145
- 12 Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM. Anthropometric growth study of the ear. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992; 29 (04) 324-329
- 13 Thorne CH, Wilkes G. Ear deformities, otoplasty, and ear reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129 (04) 701e-716e
- 14 Li H, Sun Q, Wang Y. et al. Cryptotia repair using a modified V-Y advancement flap with helix rounding technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2023; 47 (02) 640-646
- 15 Park C, Yoo YS, Hong ST. An update on auricular reconstruction: three major auricular malformations of microtia, prominent ear and cryptotia. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 18 (06) 544-549
- 16 Janz BA, Cole P, Hollier Jr LH, Stal S. Treatment of prominent and constricted ear anomalies. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124 (01) 27e-37e
- 17 Furnas DW. Otoplasty for prominent ears. Clin Plast Surg 2002; 29 (02) 273-288 , viii
- 18 Matsuo K, Hirose T, Tomono T. et al. Nonsurgical correction of congenital auricular deformities in the early neonate: a preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984; 73 (01) 38-51
- 19 Dinis J, Junn A, Long A. et al. Non-surgical correction of congenital ear anomalies: a critical assessment of caretaker burdens and aesthetic outcomes. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46 (02) 898-906
- 20 Kenny FM, Angsusingha K, Stinson D, Hotchkiss J. Unconjugated estrogens in the perinatal period. Pediatr Res 1973; 7 (10) 826-831
- 21 Ushiyama T, Ueyama H, Inoue K, Ohkubo I, Hukuda S. Expression of genes for estrogen receptors α and β in human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999; 7 (06) 560-566
- 22 Mohammadi AA, Imani MT, Kardeh S, Karami MM, Kherad M. Non-surgical management of congenital auricular deformities. World J Plast Surg 2016; 5 (02) 139-147
- 23 Petersson RS, Recker CA, Martin JRK, Driscoll CLW, Friedman O. Identification of congenital auricular deformities during newborn hearing screening allows for non-surgical correction: a Mayo Clinic pilot study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76 (10) 1406-1412
- 24 Yotsuyanagi T, Yokoi K, Urushidate S, Sawada Y. Nonsurgical correction of congenital auricular deformities in children older than early neonates. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 101 (04) 907-914
- 25 Feijen MMW, van Cruchten C, Payne PE, van der Hulst RRWJ. Non-surgical correction of congenital ear anomalies: a review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2020; 8 (11) e3250
- 26 Chan SLS, Lim GJS, Por YC. et al. Efficacy of ear molding in infants using the EarWell infant correction system and factors affecting outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144 (04) 648e-658e
- 27 Chang CS, Bartlett SP. A simplified nonsurgical method for the correction of neonatal deformational auricular anomalies. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017; 56 (02) 132-139
- 28 Zhang JL, Li CL, Fu YY, Zhang TY. Newborn ear deformities and their treatment efficiency with EarWell infant ear correction system in China. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 124: 129-133
- 29 Lin J, Sclafani AP. Otoplasty for congenital auricular malformations. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2018; 26 (01) 31-40
- 30 Savetsky IL, Cohen JM, Avashia YJ, Byrd HS. Revisiting primary otoplasty: surgical approach to the prominent ear. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 148 (01) 28e-31e
- 31 Stewart KJ, Lancerotto L. Surgical otoplasty: an evidence-based approach to prominent ears correction. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2018; 26 (01) 9-18
- 32 Mustarde JC. The correction of prominent ears using simple mattress sutures. Br J Plast Surg 1963; 16: 170-178
- 33 Mandal A, Bahia H, Ahmad T, Stewart KJ. Comparison of cartilage scoring and cartilage sparing otoplasty–a study of 203 cases. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006; 59 (11) 1170-1176
- 34 Szychta P, Stewart KJ. Comparison of cartilage scoring and cartilage sparing techniques in unilateral otoplasty: a ten-year experience. Ann Plast Surg 2013; 71 (05) 522-527
- 35 Chongchet V. A method of antihelix reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 1963; 16: 268-272
- 36 Bennun RD, Mulliken JB, Kaban LB, Murray JE. Microtia: a microform of hemifacial microsomia. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985; 76 (06) 859-865
- 37 Cubitt JJ, Chang LY, Liang D, Vandervord J, Marucci DD. Auricular reconstruction. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55 (05) 512-517
- 38 Federspil PA. The role of auricular prostheses (epitheses) in ear reconstruction. Facial Plast Surg 2015; 31 (06) 626-632
- 39 Bly RA, Bhrany AD, Murakami CS, Sie KCY. Microtia reconstruction. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2016; 24 (04) 577-591
- 40 Luquetti DV, Leoncini E, Mastroiacovo P. Microtia-anotia: a global review of prevalence rates. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2011; 91 (09) 813-822
- 41 Shaw RD, Eid MA, Bleicher J. et al. Current barriers in robotic surgery training for general surgery residents. J Surg Educ 2022; 79 (03) 606-613
- 42 Cabin JA, Bassiri-Tehrani M, Sclafani AP, Romo III T. Microtia reconstruction: autologous rib and alloplast techniques. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2014; 22 (04) 623-638
- 43 Srivastava A, Hazra R, Kumar D. Bridging form and function: a bilateral auricular prosthesis. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2022; 22 (03) 300-304
- 44 Han K, Son D. Osseointegrated alloplastic ear reconstruction with the implant-carrying plate system in children. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 109 (02) 496-503 , discussion 504–505
- 45 Spector M, Harmon SL, Kreutner A. Characteristics of tissue growth into proplast and porous polyethylene implants in bone. J Biomed Mater Res 1979; 13 (05) 677-692
- 46 Lewin S, Bishop R, Woerner JE, Yates D. Three techniques for reconstruction of congenital microtia: porous implant ear reconstruction, auricular reconstruction using autologous rib, and osseointegrated craniofacial implants with auricular prosthesis. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2022; 30 (01) 113-128
- 47 Stephan S, Reinisch J. Auricular reconstruction using porous polyethylene implant technique. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2018; 26 (01) 69-85
- 48 Constantine KK, Gilmore J, Lee K, Leach Jr J. Comparison of microtia reconstruction outcomes using rib cartilage vs porous polyethylene implant. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2014; 16 (04) 240-244
- 49 Xing W, Wang Y, Qian J. et al. Aesthetic auricular reconstruction in adult patients with rib cartilage calcification using a modified two-step technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018; 42 (06) 1556-1564
- 50 Tanzer RC. Total reconstruction of the external ear. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull 1959; 23 (01) 1-15
- 51 Nagata S. Modification of the stages in total reconstruction of the auricle: part I. grafting the three-dimensional costal cartilage framework for lobule-type microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 93 (02) 221-230 , discussion 267–268
- 52 Nagata S. Modification of the stages in total reconstruction of the auricle: part II. grafting the three-dimensional costal cartilage framework for concha-type microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 93 (02) 231-242 , discussion 267–268
- 53 Nagata S. Modification of the stages in total reconstruction of the auricle: part III. grafting the three-dimensional costal cartilage framework for small concha-type microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 93 (02) 243-253 , discussion 267–268
- 54 Brent B. The correction of microtia with autogenous cartilage grafts: I. the classic deformity.?. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980; 66 (01) 1-12
- 55 Brent B. The correction of microtia with autogenous cartilage grafts: II. atypical and complex deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980; 66 (01) 13-21
- 56 Olshinka A, Louis M, Truong TA. Autologous ear reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg 2017; 31 (03) 146-151
- 57 Brent B. Auricular repair with autogenous rib cartilage grafts: two decades of experience with 600 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992; 90 (03) 355-374 , discussion 375–376
- 58 Chen P, Yang J, Yang L. et al. One-year outcomes of ear molding for infants with constricted ear. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 151 (01) 159-166