Refractory Headaches

Olivia Begasse de Dhaem; Paul Rizzoli

doi:10.1055/s-0042-1757925

Seminars in Neurology, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Neurol 2022; 42(04): 512-522
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757925

Review Article

Refractory Headaches

Olivia Begasse de Dhaem

¹Headache Specialist at Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, Connecticut

²Department of Neurology at the University of Connecticut, Milford, Connecticut

,

Paul Rizzoli

³Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital J Graham Headache Center, Boston, Massachusetts

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Medication overuse headache (MOH), new daily persistent headache (NDPH), and persistent refractory headache attributed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection represent a significant burden in terms of disability and quality of life, and a challenge in terms of definition, pathophysiology, and treatment. Regarding MOH, prevention without withdrawal is not inferior to prevention with withdrawal. Preventive medications like topiramate, onabotulinumtoxinA, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies improve chronic migraine with MOH regardless of withdrawal. The differential diagnosis of NDPH is broad and should be carefully examined. There are no guidelines for the treatment of NDPH, but options include a short course of steroids, nerve blocks, topiramate, nortriptyline, gabapentin, CGRP monoclonal antibodies, and onabotulinumtoxinA. The persistence of headache 3 months after SARS-CoV2 infection is a predictor of poor prognosis.

Keywords

new daily persistent headache - medication overuse headache - medication adaptation headache - chronic refractory headache attributed to SARS-CoV2 infection

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Evers S, Marziniak M. Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment of medication-overuse headache. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9 (04) 391-401
2 Yamani N, Olesen J. New daily persistent headache: a systematic review on an enigmatic disorder. J Headache Pain 2019; 20 (01) 80
3 Reidy BL, Riddle EJ, Powers SW. et al. Clinic-based characterization of continuous headache in children and adolescents: comparing youth with chronic migraine to those with new daily persistent headache. Cephalalgia 2020; 40 (10) 1063-1069
4 Schwedt TJ, Hentz JG, Sahai-Srivastava S. et al; MOTS Investigators. Patient-centered treatment of chronic migraine with medication overuse: a prospective, randomized, pragmatic clinical trial. Neurology 2022; 98 (14) e1409-e1421
5 Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders. 3rd ed. Cephalalgia. 2018; 38 (01) 1-211
6 Martelletti P, Katsarava Z, Lampl C. et al. Refractory chronic migraine: a consensus statement on clinical definition from the European Headache Federation. J Headache Pain 2014; 15 (01) 47
7 Goadsby PJ, Schoenen J, Ferrari MD, Silberstein SD, Dodick D. Towards a definition of intractable headache for use in clinical practice and trials. Cephalalgia 2006; 26 (09) 1168-1170
8 Schulman EA, Lake III AE, Goadsby PJ. et al. Defining refractory migraine and refractory chronic migraine: proposed criteria from the Refractory Headache Special Interest Section of the American Headache Society. Headache 2008; 48 (06) 778-782
9 D'Amico D, Leone M, Grazzi L, Bussone G. When should “chronic migraine” patients be considered “refractory” to pharmacological prophylaxis?. Neurol Sci 2008; 29 (Suppl. 01) S55-S58
10 Sacco S, Braschinsky M, Ducros A. et al. European headache federation consensus on the definition of resistant and refractory migraine: developed with the endorsement of the European Migraine & Headache Alliance (EMHA). J Headache Pain 2020; 21 (01) 76
11 Diener HC, Holle D, Solbach K, Gaul C. Medication-overuse headache: risk factors, pathophysiology and management. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12 (10) 575-583
12 Limmroth V, Katsarava Z, Fritsche G, Przywara S, Diener HC. Features of medication overuse headache following overuse of different acute headache drugs. Neurology 2002; 59 (07) 1011-1014
13 Saengjaroentham C, Strother LC, Dripps I. et al. Differential medication overuse risk of novel anti-migraine therapeutics. Brain 2020; 143 (09) 2681-2688
14 Solomon M, Nahas SJ, Segal JZ, Young WB. Medication adaptation headache. Cephalalgia 2011; 31 (05) 515-517
15 Scher AI, Rizzoli PB, Loder EW. Medication overuse headache: an entrenched idea in need of scrutiny. Neurology 2017; 89 (12) 1296-1304
16 Rizzoli PB, Diener HC. 15. Chronic Migraine and Medication Overuse. Handbook of Neurology; 2022
17 Isler H. Migraine treatment as a cause of chronic migraine. In: Advances in Migraine Research and Therapy. In: Rose FC, ed; 1982: 159-164
18 Kudrow L. Paradoxical effects of frequent analgesic use. Adv Neurol 1982; 33: 335-341
19 Peters GA, Horton BT. Headache: with special reference to the excessive use of ergotamine preparations and withdrawal effects. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1951; 26 (09) 153-161
20 Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study. Headache 2008; 48 (08) 1157-1168
21 Lipton RB, Serrano D, Nicholson RA, Buse DC, Runken MC, Reed ML. Impact of NSAID and Triptan use on developing chronic migraine: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. Headache 2013; 53 (10) 1548-1563
22 Katsarava Z, Schneeweiss S, Kurth T. et al. Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine. Neurology 2004; 62 (05) 788-790
23 Zwart JA, Dyb G, Hagen K, Svebak S, Holmen J. Analgesic use: a predictor of chronic pain and medication overuse headache: the Head-HUNT Study. Neurology 2003; 61 (02) 160-164
24 Chiang CC, Schwedt TJ, Wang SJ, Dodick DW. Treatment of medication-overuse headache: a systematic review. Cephalalgia 2016; 36 (04) 371-386
25 Loder EW, Scher AI. Medication overuse headache: the trouble with prevalence estimates. Cephalalgia 2020; 40 (01) 3-5
26 Straube A, Pfaffenrath V, Ladwig KH. et al. Prevalence of chronic migraine and medication overuse headache in Germany—the German DMKG headache study. Cephalalgia 2010; 30 (02) 207-213
27 Colás R, Muñoz P, Temprano R, Gómez C, Pascual J. Chronic daily headache with analgesic overuse: epidemiology and impact on quality of life. Neurology 2004; 62 (08) 1338-1342
28 Dodick DW, Silberstein SD. How clinicians can detect, prevent and treat medication overuse headache. Cephalalgia 2008; 28 (11) 1207-1217
29 Wiendels NJ, van Haestregt A, Knuistingh Neven A. et al. Chronic frequent headache in the general population: comorbidity and quality of life. Cephalalgia 2006; 26 (12) 1443-1450
30 Hagen K, Vatten L, Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Krokstad S, Bovim G. Low socio-economic status is associated with increased risk of frequent headache: a prospective study of 22718 adults in Norway. Cephalalgia 2002; 22 (08) 672-679
31 Cupini LM, De Murtas M, Costa C. et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and migraine with medication-overuse headache. Headache 2009; 49 (07) 1005-1013
32 Radat F, Creac'h C, Swendsen JD. et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in the evolution from migraine to medication overuse headache. Cephalalgia 2005; 25 (07) 519-522
33 Atasoy HT, Atasoy N, Unal AE, Emre U, Sumer M. Psychiatric comorbidity in medication overuse headache patients with pre-existing headache type of episodic tension-type headache. Eur J Pain 2005; 9 (03) 285-291
34 Supornsilpchai W, le Grand SM, Srikiatkhachorn A. Involvement of pro-nociceptive 5-HT2A receptor in the pathogenesis of medication-overuse headache. Headache 2010; 50 (02) 185-197
35 Sun-Edelstein C, Rapoport AM, Rattanawong W, Srikiatkhachorn A. The evolution of medication overuse headache: history, pathophysiology and clinical update. CNS Drugs 2021; 35 (05) 545-565
36 Ferraro S, Grazzi L, Mandelli ML. et al. Pain processing in medication overuse headache: a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Pain Med 2012; 13 (02) 255-262
37 Riederer F, Gantenbein AR, Marti M, Luechinger R, Kollias S, Sándor PS. Decrease of gray matter volume in the midbrain is associated with treatment response in medication-overuse headache: possible influence of orbitofrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2013; 33 (39) 15343-15349
38 Tassorelli C, Jensen R, Allena M. et al; the COMOESTAS Consortium. A consensus protocol for the management of medication-overuse headache: evaluation in a multicentric, multinational study. Cephalalgia 2014; 34 (09) 645-655
39 Diener HC, Limmroth V. Medication-overuse headache: a worldwide problem. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3 (08) 475-483
40 Rabe K, Pageler L, Gaul C. et al. Prednisone for the treatment of withdrawal headache in patients with medication overuse headache: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 2013; 33 (03) 202-207
41 Bøe MG, Mygland A, Salvesen R. Prednisolone does not reduce withdrawal headache: a randomized, double-blind study. Neurology 2007; 69 (01) 26-31
42 Grande RB, Aaseth K, Benth JŠ, Lundqvist C, Russell MB. Reduction in medication-overuse headache after short information. The Akershus study of chronic headache. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18 (01) 129-137
43 Kristoffersen ES, Straand J, Vetvik KG, Benth JŠ, Russell MB, Lundqvist C. Brief intervention by general practitioners for medication-overuse headache, follow-up after 6 months: a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial. J Neurol 2016; 263 (02) 344-353
44 Rossi P, Faroni JV, Nappi G. Short-term effectiveness of simple advice as a withdrawal strategy in simple and complicated medication overuse headache. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18 (03) 396-401
45 Lagman-Bartolome AM, Lawler V, Lay C. Headache education active-waiting directive: a program to enhance well-being during long referral wait times. Headache 2018; 58 (01) 109-117
46 Carlsen LN, Munksgaard SB, Nielsen M. et al. Comparison of 3 treatment strategies for medication overuse headache: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77 (09) 1069-1078
47 Pensato U, Baraldi C, Favoni V. et al. Detoxification vs non-detoxification before starting an anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody in medication overuse headache. Cephalalgia 2022; Jun; 42 (07) 645-653
48 Tepper SJ, Diener HC, Ashina M. et al. Erenumab in chronic migraine with medication overuse: subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Neurology 2019; 92 (20) e2309-e2320
49 Silberstein SD, Cohen JM, Seminerio MJ, Yang R, Ashina S, Katsarava Z. The impact of fremanezumab on medication overuse in patients with chronic migraine: subgroup analysis of the HALO CM study. J Headache Pain 2020; 21 (01) 114
50 Dodick DW, Doty EG, Aurora SK. et al. Medication overuse in a subgroup analysis of phase 3 placebo-controlled studies of galcanezumab in the prevention of episodic and chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 2021; 41 (03) 340-352
51 Diener HC, Marmura MJ, Tepper SJ. et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of eptinezumab in patients with a dual diagnosis of chronic migraine and medication-overuse headache: subgroup analysis of PROMISE-2. Headache 2021; 61 (01) 125-136
52 Marmura MJ, Diener HC, Cowan RP. et al. Preventive migraine treatment with eptinezumab reduced acute headache medication and headache frequency to below diagnostic thresholds in patients with chronic migraine and medication-overuse headache. Headache 2021; 61 (09) 1421-1431
53 Scaratti C, Covelli V, Guastafierro E. et al. A qualitative study on patients with chronic migraine with medication overuse headache: comparing frequent and non-frequent relapsers. Headache 2018; 58 (09) 1373-1388
54 Pérez-Muñoz A, Buse DC, Andrasik F. Behavioral interventions for migraine. Neurol Clin 2019; 37 (04) 789-813
55 Altieri M, Di Giambattista R, Di Clemente L. et al. Combined pharmacological and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for probable medication overuse headache: a pilot study. Cephalalgia 2009; 29 (03) 293-299
56 Grazzi L, Sansone E, Raggi A. et al. Mindfulness and pharmacological prophylaxis after withdrawal from medication overuse in patients with chronic migraine: an effectiveness trial with a one-year follow-up. J Headache Pain 2017; 18 (01) 15
57 Grazzi L, Telesca A, Rizzoli P. Management of chronic migraine with medication overuse by web-based behavioral program during the COVID-19 emergency: results at 12 months. Neurol Sci 2022; 43 (03) 1583-1585
58 Goadsby PJ. New daily persistent headache: a syndrome, not a discrete disorder. Headache 2011; 51 (04) 650-653
59 Robbins MS, Evans RW. The heterogeneity of new daily persistent headache. Headache 2012; 52 (10) 1579-1589
60 Prakash S, Patel N, Golwala P, Patell R. Post-infectious headache: a reactive headache?. J Headache Pain 2011; 12 (04) 467-473
61 Neufeld MY, Treves TA, Chistik V, Korczyn AD. Postmeningitis headache. Headache 1999; 39 (02) 132-134
62 Rozen T. P-05 Nutcracker phenomenon with headache as the predominant symptom: A unique new daily persistent headache subtype? 63rd Annual Scientific Meeting American Headache Society®. Headache 2021; 61 (S1): 1-178
63 Duvall JR, Robertson CE, Whealy MA, Garza I. Clinical Reasoning: An underrecognized etiology of new daily persistent headache. Neurology 2020; 94 (01) e114-e120
64 Bigal ME, Lipton RB. The differential diagnosis of chronic daily headaches: an algorithm-based approach. J Headache Pain 2007; 8 (05) 263-272
65 Riddle EJ, Smith JH. New daily persistent headache: a diagnostic and therapeutic odyssey. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019; 19 (05) 21
66 Robbins MS, Grosberg BM, Napchan U, Crystal SC, Lipton RB. Clinical and prognostic subforms of new daily-persistent headache. Neurology 2010; 74 (17) 1358-1364
67 Mack KJ. What incites new daily persistent headache in children?. Pediatr Neurol 2004; 31 (02) 122-125
68 Li D, Rozen TD. The clinical characteristics of new daily persistent headache. Cephalalgia 2002; 22 (01) 66-69
69 Goadsby PJ, Boes C. New daily persistent headache. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72 (Suppl. 02) ii6-ii9
70 Mokri B. Spontaneous low cerebrospinal pressure/volume headaches. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004; 4 (02) 117-124
71 Rozen TD. The three T's of NDPH (how clinical observations have led to improved treatment outcomes). Headache 2019; 59 (08) 1401-1406
72 Hastriter E. Headache prognosis in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). Headache. 51. Accessed March 19, 2022, at: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&volume=51&publication_year=2011&pages=49&journal=Headache&author=EV+Hastriter&author=RB+Halker&author=BB+Vargas&author=DW+Dodick&title=Headache+prognosis+in+reversible+cerebral+vasoconstriction+syndrome+%28RCVS%29+%28abstract%29
73 Rozen TD, Beams JL. New daily persistent headache with a thunderclap headache onset and complete response to nimodipine (a new distinct subtype of NDPH). J Headache Pain 2013; 14: 100
74 Jamali SA, Rozen TD. An RCVS spectrum disorder? New daily persistent headache starting as a single thunderclap headache (3 new cases). Headache 2019; 59 (05) 789-794
75 Ling YH, Wang YF, Lirng JF, Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Chen SP. Post-reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome headache. J Headache Pain 2021; 22 (01) 14
76 Robbbins M. Chronic daily headache in North American patients with Behcet's disease. Headache 2010;50(S16)
77 Grengs LR, Mack KJ. New daily persistent headache is most likely to begin at the start of school. J Child Neurol 2016; 31 (07) 864-868
78 Papetti L, Sforza G, Tarantino S. et al. Features and management of new daily persistent headache in developmental-age patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11 (03) 385
79 Uniyal R, Paliwal VK, Tripathi A. Psychiatric comorbidity in new daily persistent headache: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Pain 2017; 21 (06) 1031-1038
80 Palacios-Ceña D, Talavera B, Gómez-Mayordomo V. et al. the day my life changed: a qualitative study of the experiences of patients with new daily persistent headache. Headache 2020; 60 (01) 124-140
81 Grande RB, Aaseth K, Lundqvist C, Russell MB. Prevalence of new daily persistent headache in the general population. The Akershus study of chronic headache. Cephalalgia 2009; 29 (11) 1149-1155
82 Castillo J, Muñoz P, Guitera V, Pascual J. Kaplan Award 1998. Epidemiology of chronic daily headache in the general population. Headache 1999; 39 (03) 190-196
83 Peng KP, Wang SJ. Update of New Daily Persistent Headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2022; Jan; 26 (01) 79-84
84 Diaz-Mitoma F, Vanast WJ, Tyrrell DL. Increased frequency of Epstein-Barr virus excretion in patients with new daily persistent headaches. Lancet 1987; 1 (8530): 411-415
85 Meineri P, Torre E, Rota E, Grasso E. New daily persistent headache: clinical and serological characteristics in a retrospective study. Neurol Sci 2004; 25 (Suppl. 03) S281-S282
86 Rozen TD, Roth JM, Denenberg N. Cervical spine joint hypermobility: a possible predisposing factor for new daily persistent headache. Cephalalgia 2006; 26 (10) 1182-1185
87 Donnet A. A consecutive series of ten cases of new daily persistent headache: clinical presentation and morphology of the venous system. Neurology 2009; 72 (Suppl. 03) A419
88 Lee J, Rhee M, Suh ES. New daily persistent headache with isolated sphenoiditis in children. Korean J Pediatr 2015; 58 (02) 73-76
89 Rozen TD. Triggering events and new daily persistent headache: age and gender differences and insights on pathogenesis—a clinic-based study. Headache 2016; 56 (01) 164-173
90 Dono F, Consoli S, Evangelista G. et al. New daily persistent headache after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a report of two cases. Neurol Sci 2021; 42 (10) 3965-3968
91 Caronna E, Ballvé A, Llauradó A. et al. Headache: a striking prodromal and persistent symptom, predictive of COVID-19 clinical evolution. Cephalalgia 2020; 40 (13) 1410-1421
92 Evans RW, Timm JS. New daily persistent headache caused by a multinodular goiter and headaches associated with thyroid disease. Headache 2017; 57 (02) 285-289
93 Ogunlaja O, Zhang N. New daily persistent headache syndrome secondary to clival metastasis within an osseous hemangioma. Headache 2019; 59 (09) 1609-1610
94 Almazov I, Brand N. Meningismus is a commonly overlooked finding in tension-type headache in children and adolescents. J Child Neurol 2006; 21 (05) 423-425
95 Rozen T, Swidan SZ. Elevation of CSF tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in new daily persistent headache and treatment refractory chronic migraine. Headache 2007; 47 (07) 1050-1055
96 Prakash S, Saini S, Rana KR, Mahato P. Refining clinical features and therapeutic options of new daily persistent headache: a retrospective study of 63 patients in India. J Headache Pain 2012; 13 (06) 477-485
97 Peng KP, Fuh JL, Yuan HK, Shia BC, Wang SJ. New daily persistent headache: should migrainous features be incorporated?. Cephalalgia 2011; 31 (15) 1561-1569
98 Rozen TD. Migraine headache: immunosuppressant therapy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2002; 4 (05) 395-401
99 Puledda F, Goadsby PJ, Prabhakar P. Treatment of disabling headache with greater occipital nerve injections in a large population of childhood and adolescent patients: a service evaluation. J Headache Pain 2018; 19 (01) 5
100 Hascalovici JR, Robbins MS. Peripheral nerve blocks for the treatment of headache in older adults: a retrospective study. Headache 2017; 57 (01) 80-86
101 Gelfand AA, Reider AC, Goadsby PJ. Outcomes of greater occipital nerve injections in pediatric patients with chronic primary headache disorders. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 50 (02) 135-139
102 Miller S, Lagrata S, Matharu M. Multiple cranial nerve blocks for the transitional treatment of chronic headaches. Cephalalgia 2019; 39 (12) 1488-1499
103 Rozen TD. New daily persistent headache: an update. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2014; 18 (07) 431
104 Doyle Strauss L, Weizenbaum E, Loder EW, Rizzoli PB. Amitriptyline dose and treatment outcomes in specialty headache practice: a retrospective cohort study. Headache 2016; 56 (10) 1626-1634
105 Greene KA, Gentile CP, Szperka CL. et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody use for the preventive treatment of refractory headache disorders in adolescents. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 114: 62-67
106 Scheffler A, Schenk H, Wurthmann S. et al. CGRP antibody therapy in patients with drug resistant migraine and chronic daily headache: a real-world experience. J Headache Pain 2021; 22 (01) 111
107 Spears RC. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in new daily persistent headache. J Headache Pain 2008; 9 (06) 405-406
108 Trucco M, Ruiz L. P009. A case of new daily persistent headache treated with botulinum toxin type A. J Headache Pain 2015; 16 (Suppl. 01) A119
109 Joshi SG, Mathew PG, Markley HG. New daily persistent headache and potential new therapeutic agents. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14 (02) 425
110 Ali A, Kriegler J, Tepper S, Vij B. New daily persistent headache and onabotulinumtoxin A therapy. Clin Neuropharmacol 2019; 42 (01) 1-3
111 Rozen TD. Rozen: doxycycline for treatment resistant new daily... - Google Scholar. Headache 2008; 48: S49
112 Bancalari EM, Wicht A. Case report: therapeutic response for new daily persistent headache by a tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist, lithium. Cephalalgia Rep 2021;4:25158163211000316
113 Tariq Z, Board N, Eftimiades A, Ibrahim R. Resolution of new daily persistent headache by a tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist, Venlafaxine. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019; 7: 2050313-19847804
114 Rosen N, Marmura M, Abbas M, Silberstein S. Intravenous lidocaine in the treatment of refractory headache: a retrospective case series. Headache 2009; 49 (02) 286-291
115 Akbar A. Response of refractory new daily persistent headache to intravenous lidocaine treatment in a pediatric patient. J Pain Relief 2017;06(04):
116 Pomeroy JL, Marmura MJ, Nahas SJ, Viscusi ER. Ketamine infusions for treatment refractory headache. Headache 2017; 57 (02) 276-282
117 Marmura MJ, Passero Jr FC, Young WB. Mexiletine for refractory chronic daily headache: a report of nine cases. Headache 2008; 48 (10) 1506-1510
118 Lagrata S, Cheema S, Watkins L, Matharu M. Long-term outcomes of occipital nerve stimulation for new daily persistent headache with migrainous features. Neuromodulation 2021; 24 (06) 1093-1099
119 Nagy AJ, Gandhi S, Bhola R, Goadsby PJ. Intravenous dihydroergotamine for inpatient management of refractory primary headaches. Neurology 2011; 77 (20) 1827-1832
120 Garcia-Azorin D, Layos-Romero A, Porta-Etessam J. et al. Post-COVID-19 persistent headache: a multicentric 9-months follow-up study of 905 patients. Cephalalgia 2022; 42 (08) 804-809
121 Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK - Office for National Statistics. Accessed March 24, 2022, at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/7october2021
122 Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C. et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11 (01) 16144
123 Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 2021; 397 (10270): 220-232
124 Messlinger K, Neuhuber W, May A. Activation of the trigeminal system as a likely target of SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to anosmia in COVID-19. Cephalalgia 2022; 42 (02) 176-180
125 Levy D, Labastida-Ramirez A, MaassenVanDenBrink A. Current understanding of meningeal and cerebral vascular function underlying migraine headache. Cephalalgia 2019; 39 (13) 1606-1622
126 Biscetti L, De Vanna G, Cresta E. et al. Headache and immunological/autoimmune disorders: a comprehensive review of available epidemiological evidence with insights on potential underlying mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18 (01) 259
127 Boldrini M, Canoll PD, Klein RS. How COVID-19 affects the brain. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78 (06) 682-683
128 Matschke J, Lütgehetmann M, Hagel C. et al. Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19 (11) 919-929
129 Morollón N, Belvís R, De Dios A. et al. Standard headache and neuralgia treatments and SARS-CoV-2: opinion of the Spanish Society of Neurology's Headache Study Group. Neurologia (Engl Ed) 2020; 35 (09) 628-632