Platelet Function in Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review and a Cohort Study

Jeppe Lundholm Stadarfeld Jensen; Claus Vinter Bødker Hviid; Christine Lodberg Hvas; Steffen Christensen; Anne-Mette Hvas; Julie Brogaard Larsen

doi:10.1055/s-0042-1757167

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Thromb Hemost 2023; 49(05): 507-522
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757167

Review Article

Platelet Function in Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review and a Cohort Study

Jeppe Lundholm Stadarfeld Jensen

¹Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

,

Claus Vinter Bødker Hviid

¹Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

²Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

,

Christine Lodberg Hvas

³Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

⁴Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

,

Steffen Christensen

³Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

⁴Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

,

Anne-Mette Hvas

¹Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

⁴Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

,

Julie Brogaard Larsen

¹Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) patients have increased bleeding risk, which could be partially due to acquired platelet dysfunction. We conducted a systematic review and a cohort study to investigate platelet function and count in AKI and their association with AKI-related bleeding and mortality. Through a systematic literature search in PubMed and Embase, we identified 9 studies reporting platelet function and 56 studies reporting platelet count or platelet indices in AKI patients. Overall, platelet aggregation was reduced in AKI patients in nonintensive care unit (ICU) settings but not in ICU settings, except that reduced aggregation was associated with renal replacement therapy. Thrombocytopenia in AKI was frequent and often predictive of mortality. In our cohort study, we prospectively included 54 adult ICU patients who developed AKI within 24 hours of ICU admission and 33 non-AKI ICU controls. Platelet function was measured with light transmission aggregometry and flow cytometry. AKI patients bled more frequently than non-AKI patients (p = 0.04), and bleeding was associated with increased 30-day mortality in AKI (p = 0.02). However, platelet function was not different between AKI and non-AKI patients (aggregation: all p > 0.52; flow cytometry: all p > 0.07) and platelet function was not associated with bleeding in AKI. In conclusion, a reduced platelet count is frequent in AKI, but the literature on platelet function in AKI is sparse. In a cohort study, we demonstrated that patients with AKI within 24 hours of ICU admission exhibited increased bleeding tendency but this was not associated with reduced platelet function.

Keywords

Acute kidney injury - intensive care unit - platelet function tests - platelet activation - bleeding

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. Suppl. 2012; 2: 1-138
2 Hoste EAJ, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R. et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41 (08) 1411-1423
3 Nisula S, Kaukonen K-M, Vaara ST. et al; FINNAKI Study Group. Incidence, risk factors and 90-day mortality of patients with acute kidney injury in Finnish intensive care units: the FINNAKI study. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39 (03) 420-428
4 Srisawat N, Sileanu FE, Murugan R. et al; Acute Kidney Injury-6 Study Group. Variation in risk and mortality of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a multicenter study. Am J Nephrol 2015; 41 (01) 81-88
5 Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R. et al; Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005; 294 (07) 813-818
6 Chertow GM, Burdick E, Honour M, Bonventre JV, Bates DW. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16 (11) 3365-3370
7 Hoste EA, Clermont G, Kersten A. et al. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit Care 2006; 10 (03) R73
8 Ostermann M, Chang RWS. Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE. Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (08) 1837-1843 , quiz 1852
9 Gammelager H, Christiansen CF, Johansen MB, Tønnesen E, Jespersen B, Sørensen HT. One-year mortality among Danish intensive care patients with acute kidney injury: a cohort study. Crit Care 2012; 16 (04) R124
10 Decousus H, Tapson VF, Bergmann JF. et al; IMPROVE Investigators. Factors at admission associated with bleeding risk in medical patients: findings from the IMPROVE investigators. Chest 2011; 139 (01) 69-79
11 Wu P-C, Wu C-J, Lin C-J, Wu V-C. National Taiwan University Study Group on Acute Renal Failure Group. Long-term risk of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage after advanced AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 10 (03) 353-362
12 Hung A, Garcia-Tsao G. Acute kidney injury, but not sepsis, is associated with higher procedure-related bleeding in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Liver Int 2018; 38 (08) 1437-1441
13 Granholm A, Zeng L, Dionne JC. et al; GUIDE Group. Predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding in adult ICU patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45 (10) 1347-1359
14 Olesen JB, Lip GYH, Kamper A-L. et al. Stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (07) 625-635
15 Ocak G, Rookmaaker MB, Algra A. et al; SMART Study Group. Chronic kidney disease and bleeding risk in patients at high cardiovascular risk: a cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16 (01) 65-73
16 Molnar AO, Bota SE, Garg AX. et al. The Risk of Major Hemorrhage with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27 (09) 2825-2832
17 Liang C-C, Wang S-M, Kuo H-L. et al. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9 (08) 1354-1359
18 Arnson Y, Hoshen M, Berliner-Sendrey A. et al. Risk of stroke, bleeding, and death in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease. Cardiology 2020; 145 (03) 178-186
19 Boccardo P, Remuzzi G, Galbusera M. Platelet dysfunction in renal failure. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004; 30 (05) 579-589
20 Lutz J, Menke J, Sollinger D, Schinzel H, Thürmel K. Haemostasis in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29 (01) 29-40
21 Zarka F, Tayler-Gomez A, Ducruet T. et al. Risk of incident bleeding after acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study. J Crit Care 2020; 59: 23-31
22 Levy EM, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. A cohort analysis. JAMA 1996; 275 (19) 1489-1494
23 Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Clima B, Melfa L, Rotelli C, Borghetti A. Incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of gastrointestinal hemorrhage complicating acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2001; 59 (04) 1510-1519
24 Pschowski R, Briegel S, Von Haehling S. et al. Effects of dialysis modality on blood loss, bleeding complications and transfusion requirements in critically ill patients with dialysis-dependent acute renal failure. Anaesth Intensive Care 2015; 43 (06) 764-770
25 Narula A, Mehran R, Weisz G. et al. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the HORIZONS-AMI substudy. Eur Heart J 2014; 35 (23) 1533-1540
26 Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P. Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative workgroup. Acute renal failure—definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004; 8 (04) R204-R212
27 Kellum JA, Levin N, Bouman C, Lameire N. Developing a consensus classification system for acute renal failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8 (06) 509-514
28 Boldt J, Menges T, Wollbrück M, Sonneborn S, Hempelmann G. Continuous hemofiltration and platelet function in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1994; 22 (07) 1155-1160
29 Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Pawlak D, Pawlak K, Buczko W, Mysliwiec M. Hemostasis, platelet function and serotonin in acute and chronic renal failure. Thromb Res 1996; 83 (05) 351-361
30 Zanetto A, Rinder HM, Campello E. et al. Acute kidney injury in decompensated cirrhosis is associated with both hypo-coagulable and hyper-coagulable features. Hepatology 2020; 72 (04) 1327-1340
31 Agarwal B, Gatt A, Riddell A. et al. Hemostasis in patients with acute kidney injury secondary to acute liver failure. Kidney Int 2013; 84 (01) 158-163
32 Eknoyan G, Wacksman SJ, Glueck HI, Will JJ. Platelet function in renal failure. N Engl J Med 1969; 280 (13) 677-681
33 Kendall AG, Lowenstein L, Morgen RO. The hemorrhagic diathesis in renal disease (with special reference to acute uremia). Can Med Assoc J 1961; 85: 405-411
34 Larsson SO, Hedner U, Nilsson IM. On coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute renal insufficiency. Acta Med Scand 1971; 189 (06) 443-451
35 Ferguson JH, Lewis JH, Zucker MB. Bleeding tendency in uremia. Blood 1956; 11 (12) 1073-1076
36 Rath CE, Mailliard JA, Schreiner GE. Bleeding tendency in uremia. N Engl J Med 1957; 257 (17) 808-811
37 Willoughby MLN, Crouch SJ. An investigation of the haemorrhagic tendency in renal failure. Br J Haematol 1961; 7 (03) 315-326
38 Kertai MD, Zhou S, Karhausen JA. et al. Platelet counts, acute kidney injury, and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Anesthesiology 2016; 124 (02) 339-352
39 Lombardi R, Nin N, Peñuelas O. et al; VENTILA Group. Acute kidney injury in mechanically ventilated patients: the risk factor profile depends on the timing of AKI onset. Shock 2017; 48 (04) 411-417
40 Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM. et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021; 372: n71
41 Stevens PE, Levin A. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Chronic Kidney Disease Guideline Development Work Group Members. Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158 (11) 825-830
42 Wiersema R, Jukarainen S, Eck RJ. et al. Different applications of the KDIGO criteria for AKI lead to different incidences in critically ill patients: a post hoc analysis from the prospective observational SICS-II study. Crit Care 2020; 24 (01) 164
43 Siew ED, Ikizler TA, Matheny ME. et al. Estimating baseline kidney function in hospitalized patients with impaired kidney function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7 (05) 712-719
44 Závada J, Hoste E, Cartin-Ceba R. et al; AKI6 investigators. A comparison of three methods to estimate baseline creatinine for RIFLE classification. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25 (12) 3911-3918
45 Moreno RP, Metnitz PGH, Almeida E. et al; SAPS 3 Investigators. SAPS 3–from evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31 (10) 1345-1355
46 Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW. et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016; 315 (08) 801-810
47 Schultz-Lebahn A, Nissen PH, Pedersen TF, Tang M, Hvas AM. Platelet function assessed by ROTEM^® platelet in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy during cardiac and vascular surgery. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2022; 82 (01) 18-27
48 Rubak P, Nissen PH, Kristensen SD, Hvas A-M. Investigation of platelet function and platelet disorders using flow cytometry. Platelets 2016; 27 (01) 66-74
49 Pedersen OH, Nissen PH, Hvas AM. Platelet function investigation by flow cytometry: sample volume, needle size, and reference intervals. Platelets 2018; 29 (02) 199-202
50 Kaufman RM, Djulbegovic B, Gernsheimer T. et al; AABB. Platelet transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB. Ann Intern Med 2015; 162 (03) 205-213
51 Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 2009; 42 (02) 377-381
52 Wiegele M, Infanger L, Lacom C, Koch S, Baierl A, Schaden E. Thrombin generation and platelet function in ICU patients undergoing CVVHD using regional citrate anticoagulation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 680540
53 Arcangeli A, Rocca B, Salvatori G, Ciancia M, De Cristofaro R, Antonelli M. Heparin versus prostacyclin in continuous hemodiafiltration for acute renal failure: effects on platelet function in the systemic circulation and across the filter. Thromb Res 2010; 126 (01) 24-31
54 Kozek-Langenecker SA, Kettner SC, Oismueller C, Gonano C, Speiser W, Zimpfer M. Anticoagulation with prostaglandin E1 and unfractionated heparin during continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Crit Care Med 1998; 26 (07) 1208-1212
55 Stefanidis I, Frank D, Maurin N. Hemostasis activation markers in acute renal failure. Ren Fail 1998; 20 (01) 147-155
56 de Sá HM, Freitas LA, Alves VC, Garção MF, Rosa MA, Marques AA. Leukocyte, platelet and endothelial activation in patients with acute renal failure treated by intermittent hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 2001; 21 (04) 264-273
57 Campello E, Zanetto A, Radu CM. et al. Acute kidney injury is associated with increased levels of circulating microvesicles in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53 (07) 879-888
58 Cho AY, Yoon HJ, Lee KY, Sun IO. Clinical characteristics of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. Ren Fail 2018; 40 (01) 403-409
59 Chou CY, Yeh HC, Chen W. et al. Norepinephrine and hospital mortality in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. Artif Organs 2011; 35 (02) E11-E17
60 Griffin BR, Wu C, O'Horo JC, Faubel S, Jalal D, Kashani K. The Association of Platelet Decrease Following Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Initiation and Increased Rates of Secondary Infections. Crit Care Med 2021; 49 (02) e130-e139
61 Sasaki S, Gando S, Kobayashi S. et al. Predictors of mortality in patients treated with continuous hemodiafiltration for acute renal failure in an intensive care setting. ASAIO J 2001; 47 (01) 86-91
62 Skarupskienė I, Adukauskienė D, Kuzminskienė J. et al. Mortality prediction in patients with acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery. Medicina (Kaunas) 2017; 53 (04) 217-223
63 Valente C, Soares M, Rocha E, Cardoso L, Maccariello E. The evaluation of sequential platelet counts has prognostic value for acute kidney injury patients requiring dialysis in the intensive care setting. Clinics (São Paulo) 2013; 68 (06) 803-808
64 Lin J, Gallagher M, Bellomo R, Duan M, Trongtrakul K, Wang AY. Renal Study Investigators and the Anzics Clincal Trials Group. SOFA coagulation score and changes in platelet counts in severe acute kidney injury: analysis from the randomized evaluation of normal versus augmented level (RENAL) study. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 24 (05) 518-525
65 Zhang P, Yang Y, Lv R, Zhang Y, Xie W, Chen J. Effect of the intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy in patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury: a single-center randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27 (03) 967-973
66 Chertow GM, Soroko SH, Paganini EP. et al. Mortality after acute renal failure: models for prognostic stratification and risk adjustment. Kidney Int 2006; 70 (06) 1120-1126
67 Yoon J, Kim Y, Kym D. et al. Subgroup analysis of continuous renal replacement therapy in severely burned patients. PLoS One 2017; 12 (11) e0189057
68 Chen Y, Feng F, Li M. et al. Relationship between platelet/lymphocyte ratio and prognosis of patients with septic acute kidney injury: a pilot study. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83 (11) 1004-1007
69 Parente Filho SLA, Lima LMB, Dantas GLA. et al. Prognostic factors among critically ill patients with community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis and acute kidney injury. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 2018; 30 (02) 153-159
70 Garcés EO, Victorino JA, Thomé FS. et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractioned heparin as anticoagulant for continuous venovenous hemodialysis: a randomized open-label trial. Ren Fail 2010; 32 (03) 320-327
71 Ho KM, Morgan DJ. Patient factors associated with frequent clotting of dialysers during haemodiafiltration in critically ill patients: a post hoc analysis of a randomised controlled study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2014; 42 (01) 59-64
72 Vitale C, Verdecchia C, Bagnis C, Ganzaroli M, Giorcelli G, Marangella M. Effects of dermatan sulfate for anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy. J Nephrol 2008; 21 (02) 205-212
73 Ferreira JA, Johnson DW. The incidence of thrombocytopenia associated with continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. Ren Fail 2015; 37 (07) 1232-1236
74 Griffin BR, Jovanovich A, You Z, Palevsky P, Faubel S, Jalal D. Effects of baseline thrombocytopenia and platelet decrease following renal replacement therapy initiation in patients with severe acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (04) e325-e331
75 Parlar H, Şaşkın H. Are pre and postoperative platelet to lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio associated with early postoperative AKI following CABG?. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2018; 33 (03) 233-241
76 Sun X, Chen Y, Xiao Q. et al. Effects of argatroban as an anticoagulant for intermittent veno-venous hemofiltration (IVVH) in patients at high risk of bleeding. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26 (09) 2954-2959
77 Guru PK, Singh TD, Akhoundi A, Kashani KB. Association of thrombocytopenia and mortality in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy. Nephron 2016; 133 (03) 175-182
78 Chua HR, Baldwin I, Bailey M, Subramaniam A, Bellomo R. Circuit lifespan during continuous renal replacement therapy for combined liver and kidney failure. J Crit Care 2012; 27 (06) 744.e7-744.e15
79 Hein OV, von Heymann C, Diehl T. et al. Intermittent hirudin versus continuous heparin for anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy. Ren Fail 2004; 26 (03) 297-303
80 Windeløv NA, Ostrowski SR, Perner A, Johansson PI. Transfusion requirements and clinical outcome in intensive care patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: comparison of prostacyclin vs. heparin prefilter administration. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2010; 21 (05) 414-419
81 Jander A, Tkaczyk M, Pagowska-Klimek I. et al. Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration in children after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 31 (06) 1022-1028
82 Voerman HJ, Strack van Schijndel RJ, Thijs LG. Continuous arterial-venous hemodiafiltration in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1990; 18 (09) 911-914
83 Daher EF, Silva GB, Silveira CO. et al. Factors associated with thrombocytopenia in severe leptospirosis (Weil's disease). Clinics (São Paulo) 2014; 69 (02) 106-110
84 Pan L, Mo M, Huang A. et al. Coagulation parameters may predict clinical outcomes in patients with septic acute kidney injury. Clin Nephrol 2021; 96 (05) 253-262
85 Vikrant S, Dheer SK, Parashar A. et al. Scrub typhus associated acute kidney injury–a study from a tertiary care hospital from western Himalayan State of India. Ren Fail 2013; 35 (10) 1338-1343
86 Naqvi R. Plasmodium vivax causing acute kidney injury: a foe less addressed. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31 (06) 1472-1475
87 Diptyanusa A, Phumratanaprapin W, Phonrat B. et al. Characteristics and associated factors of acute kidney injury among adult dengue patients: a retrospective single-center study. PLoS One 2019; 14 (01) e0210360
88 Duarte DB, Vanderlei LA, de Azevêdo Bispo RK, Pinheiro ME, da Silva Junior GB, De Francesco Daher E. Acute kidney injury in schistosomiasis: a retrospective cohort of 60 patients in Brazil. J Parasitol 2015; 101 (02) 244-247
89 Silva Júnior GB, Libório AB, Mota RM. et al. Acute kidney injury in AIDS: frequency, RIFLE classification and outcome. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43 (11) 1102-1108
90 Vakrani GP, Subramanyam NT. Acute renal failure in dengue infection. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11 (01) OC10-OC13
91 Noutsos T, Currie BJ, Brown SG, Isbister GK. Schistocyte quantitation, thrombotic microangiopathy and acute kidney injury in Australian snakebite coagulopathy [ASP28]. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43 (05) 959-965
92 Noutsos T, Currie BJ, Isoardi KZ, Brown SGA, Isbister GK. Snakebite-associated thrombotic microangiopathy: an Australian prospective cohort study [ASP30]. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60 (02) 205-213
93 Zhu D, Qu Z, Tan Y, Yu F, Zhao MH. Acute kidney injury in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis: a large cohort study from a single center. Lupus 2011; 20 (14) 1557-1565
94 Covic A, Goldsmith DJ, Segall L. et al. Rifampicin-induced acute renal failure: a series of 60 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13 (04) 924-929
95 Arora MS, Kaushik R, Ahmad S, Kaushik RM. Profile of acute kidney injury in patients with decompensated cirrhosis at a tertiary-care center in Uttarakhand, India. Dig Dis 2020; 38 (04) 335-343
96 Naqvi R. Epidemiological trends in community acquired acute kidney injury in Pakistan: 25 years experience from a tertiary care renal unit. Pak J Med Sci 2021; 37 (02) 312-319
97 Kaaviya R, Vadivelan M, Balamurugan N, Parameswaran S, Thabah MM. Community acquired AKI: a prospective observational study from a tertiary level hospital in Southern India. Indian J Nephrol 2019; 29 (04) 254-260
98 Nie S, Feng Z, Xia L. et al. Risk factors of prognosis after acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients. Front Med 2017; 11 (03) 393-402
99 Moledina DG, Luciano RL, Kukova L. et al. Kidney biopsy-related complications in hospitalized patients with acute kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13 (11) 1633-1640
100 Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Rotelli C. et al. Continuous haemofiltration in acute renal failure with prostacyclin as the sole anti-haemostatic agent. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28 (05) 586-593
101 Stewart JH. Platelet numbers and life span in acute and chronic renal failure. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1967; 17 (3-4): 532-542
102 Abiola OO, Taslim BB, Oriola BO, Khairat OA, Omozehio IS. Pattern of haematologic abnormalities in incident dialysis patients and the effect of using locally derived haematologic reference ranges. Niger J Med 2016; 25 (03) 264-271
103 Li J, Li Y, Sheng X. et al. Combination of mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio and the APACHE II score better predicts the short-term outcome in patients with acute kidney injury receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Kidney Blood Press Res 2018; 43 (02) 479-489
104 Han JS, Park KS, Lee MJ. et al. Mean platelet volume is a prognostic factor in patients with acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. J Crit Care 2014; 29 (06) 1016-1021
105 Venu Gopala D, Shyamala KV, Rashmi KS. Mean platelet volume as a prognostic factor in acute kidney injury. Eur J Mol Clin Med 2021; 8 (03) 2806-2813
106 Davenport A. The coagulation system in the critically ill patient with acute renal failure and the effect of an extracorporeal circuit. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30 (5, Suppl 4) S20-S27
107 Wand S, Schneider S, Meybohm P, Zacharowski K, Weber CF. Assessment of hemostatic changes after initiation of continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Clin Lab 2015; 61 (3-4): 379-387
108 Showalter J, Nguyen ND, Baba S. et al. Platelet aggregometry cannot identify uremic platelet dysfunction in heart failure patients prior to cardiac surgery. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 31 (05) e22084
109 Jonsson AB, Rygård SL, Hildebrandt T, Perner A, Møller MH, Russell L. Thrombocytopenia in intensive care unit patients: a scoping review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2021; 65 (01) 2-14
110 Hui P, Cook DJ, Lim W, Fraser GA, Arnold DM. The frequency and clinical significance of thrombocytopenia complicating critical illness: a systematic review. Chest 2011; 139 (02) 271-278
111 Greinacher A, Selleng K. Thrombocytopenia in the intensive care unit patient. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2010; 2010 (01) 135-143
112 Uchino S. Outcome prediction for patients with acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract 2008; 109 (04) c217-c223
113 Ohnuma T, Uchino S. Prediction models and their external validation studies for mortality of patients with acute kidney injury: a systematic review. PLoS One 2017; 12 (01) e0169341
114 Hunt BJ. Bleeding and coagulopathies in critical care. N Engl J Med 2014; 370 (09) 847-859
115 Jansen MPB, Florquin S, Roelofs JJTH. The role of platelets in acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14 (07) 457-471
116 Finkel KW, Podoll AS. Complications of continuous renal replacement therapy. Semin Dial 2009; 22 (02) 155-159
117 Cattaneo M, Cerletti C, Harrison P. et al. Recommendations for the standardization of light transmission aggregometry: a consensus of the working party from the platelet physiology subcommittee of SSC/ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 (06) 1183-1189
118 Paniccia R, Priora R, Liotta AA, Abbate R. Platelet function tests: a comparative review. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2015; 11: 133-148

Zusatzmaterial

Supplementary Material