Keywords
case report - lymphoma - oral metronomic chemotherapy - cytomegalovirus - retinitis
Introduction
Oral metronomic chemotherapy (OMCT) is often used in patients with relapsed lymphomas.
The toxicities of OMCT are generally lower than those of intravenous chemotherapy,
making it a preferable option in patients with advanced disease or poor general condition.
However, prolonged use of OMCT can lead to immunosuppression and result in unusual
infections.[1] Here we describe a rare case of bilateral cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in a patient
with relapsed Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma on OMCT.
Case Report
In 2014, a 52-year-old gentleman with no comorbidities with grade 1, stage IV follicular
lymphoma achieved complete response after six cycles of rituximab, cyclophosphamide,
doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone (R-CHOP) chemotherapy. He relapsed in 2017,
and lymph node biopsy was suggestive of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. He was treated
with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, vincristine, prednisolone (R-CEOP) as
he was unwilling for high dose chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. After five
cycles of R-CEOP, he developed a persistent headache. The MRI brain was within normal
limits, but the cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed lymphomatous involvement. He was
unwilling for any intensive treatment and was started on OMCT with the PEP-C regimen
comprising of prednisolone 20 mg once daily for 14 days, etoposide 50 mg once daily
for 28 days, procarbazine 50 mg once daily for 28 days, cyclophosphamide 50 mg once
daily for 28 days, and triple intrathecal therapy comprising of inj. methotrexate
12 mg, inj. cytarabine 30 mg, and inj. hydrocortisone 15 mg.[2] His symptoms improved significantly after two to three cycles of OMCT. CSF cytology
became negative for malignant cells after four cycles of OMCT, and the contrast-enhanced
CT scan of the chest, abdomen, pelvis showed no evidence of systemic disease.
In 2019, after 13 courses of PEP-C regimen, he presented with acute onset, painless
diminution of vision in both the eyes—right eye (RE) more than the left eye (LE).
Visual acuity was hand movements in RE and 6/18 in LE. Fundus examination in both
eyes revealed scattered whitish lesions on the retina suggestive of retinitis, along
with superficial retinal hemorrhages and perivascular exudates involving the major
retinal vessels. The lesions involved the macular center in the RE while the same
was spared in the LE ([Fig. 1]). There was no associated vitritis. The differential diagnoses considered were intraocular
lymphoma and CMV retinitis. The vitreal aspirate was positive for CMV DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and negative for malignant cells on cytology.
The peripheral blood CMV DNA PCR was positive; however, there were no symptoms of
disseminated CMV infection. He had no chest or gastrointestinal symptoms; chest X-ray
and LFTs were normal. Thus, there was no evidence of systemic CMV infection. HIV serology
was negative. He was managed with intravitreal ganciclovir (2 mg/0.1 mL, weekly once,
six doses for each eye) and intravenous ganciclovir (10 mg/kg in two divided doses
daily for 1 month). This was followed by oral valganciclovir 900 mg twice daily for
21 days and once daily for 2 months. Gradually, the retinal lesions resolved and manifested
healing. CMV DNA PCR of the blood or vitreal aspirate was not repeated, and the disappearance
of the retinal vascular sheathing was taken as a marker of clinical improvement. The
visual acuity in the RE improved to counting fingers while the LE vision improved
to 6/9. OMCT was discontinued as the relapsed lymphoma had shown complete clinical
and radiologic response. The patient is currently on follow-up and is alive and well
2 years after the event.
Fig. 1 Funduscopic images of both eyes at presentation. Fundus images showing (a) right eye: white retinitis lesions with retinal hemorrhages and perivascular sheathing
with involvement of the optic disk and the macula; (b) Left eye: white retinitis lesions with retinal hemorrhages and perivascular sheathing
with involvement of infero-temporal retinal quadrant and sparing of the center of
the macula; (c) image of the right eye after 2 months showing improvement in retinal hemorrhages
and perivascular sheathing.
Discussion
Our patient had relapsed lymphoma and was on chronic low dose chemotherapy with potential
for immune suppression. There were two primary differential diagnoses. One was lymphomatous
involvement of the eye, considering the earlier history of meningeal involvement.
The second was infectious retinitis, e.g., CMV, toxoplasmosis, candida, pneumocystis,
varicella-zoster, and herpes simplex infections.[3] Intraocular lymphoma usually presents as chronic posterior uveitis involving the
vitreous (increased haze and cellularity). Additionally, retinitis (perivascular yellowish-white
retinal infiltrates and intraretinal hemorrhages) and retinal vasculitis (sheathing
of blood vessels) may ensue.[4] CMV retinitis can closely mimic the retinal presentation of intraocular lymphoma.[5] CMV retinitis is seen in 5 to 20% of patients undergoing solid organ transplantation
and in 15 to 30% of those undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[6]
[7] It presents as focal, perivascular retinal whitening with or without intraretinal
hemorrhages and progresses in centrifugal or “brushfire” pattern. It can progress
to full-thickness retinal necrosis and retinal detachment.[6] In this patient, the diagnosis was established by detecting CMV DNA PCR of the vitreal
aspirate.
CMV serology cannot be used as the sole diagnostic investigation as it can be positive
in 80 to 90% of the general population in India.[8] The gold standard of diagnosis is the isolation of the virus in culture—however,
CMV culture is challenging. It takes a long time and is falsely negative in 50% of
cases.[9]
[10] On the contrary, DNA amplification techniques (PCR) from blood or vitreal aspirate
provide a timely diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity.[11].[12] CMV retinitis is vision-threatening, and treatment has to be instituted as soon
as the diagnosis is established. Intravitreal treatment is vital in vision-threatening
disease (central lesions <1,500 µm from the fovea or closer to the optic nerve head).
However, systemic anti-CMV treatment cannot be avoided. One-third of the patients
treated with intravitreal therapy alone develop extraocular CMV disease and contralateral
retinitis.[13] Hence, a combination of intravitreal plus systemic therapy is preferred as was used
in our patient. When the disease is not immediately vision-threatening, systemic therapy
can be used (IV ganciclovir, IV foscarnet, IV cidofovir, and oral valganciclovir)
without intravitreal treatment. Patients are to be monitored with indirect ophthalmoscopy
weekly/once in 2 weeks while on induction therapy and monthly till the completion
of anti-CMV treatment.[14]
Several cases of CMV retinitis in patients with lymphoma have been described ([Table 1]). Most cases developed in patients on aggressive chemotherapy regimens, which are
more likely to produce myelosuppression and immune suppression. Unfortunately, limited
data are available regarding risk of CMV relapse while salvaging further relapses.
One of the options is to continue chemotherapy with close monitoring of CMV DNA, as
is done in the context of an allogeneic transplant. The other option is to avoid immunosuppressive
regimens which are heavy on steroids. Our report is the first one describing CMV retinitis
during OMCT. The strength of our study is that it highlights that CMV infection is
a rare but serious complication of a seemingly less intensive treatment like oral
metronomic chemotherapy. The weakness is that we do not have information on the immune
status of the patient, like the CD4 counts or immune globulin levels.
Table 1
Case reports of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients treated for lymphoma
|
Sl
no
|
Author (Ref)
|
Lymphoma
subtype
|
Chemotherapy
|
Diagnosis
|
Treatment given for CMV retinitis
|
Visual outcome
|
|
1.
|
Smith[15]
|
HL
|
MP
|
Inclusion body bearing cells (post-mortem)
|
NR
|
Patient died
|
|
2.
|
Nasir and Jaffe[16]
|
HL
|
MOPP-ABVD
|
Vitreous biopsy and CMV DNA PCR
|
IV gan f/b IV foscarnet
|
Improved
|
|
3.
|
Toy and Knowlden[17]
|
HL (R)
|
Chl-VPP
|
Inclusion body bearing cells (post-mortem)
|
Post mortem diagnosis
|
Patient died
|
|
4.
|
Tudesq et al[18]
|
HL (R)
|
BV
|
Vitreous humor aspirate and CMV DNA PCR
|
IVtr and IV Gan f/b PO Valgan
|
NR
|
|
5.
|
Tyagi et al[19]
|
B-NHL
|
R-CHOP
|
Vitreous biopsy and CMV DNA PCR
|
IVtr and IV Gan f/b PO Valgan
|
Improved
left eye: Total visual loss
|
|
6.
|
Kang[20]
|
DLBCL
|
R-CHOP
|
Vitreous aspirate and CMV DNA PCR
|
IVtr and IV Gan
|
Improved
|
|
7.
|
Kawai et al[21]
|
AITL
|
CHOP
|
Peripheral blood CMV DNA PCR
|
IVtr and IV Gan
|
Improved
|
|
8.
|
Chawla et al[22]
|
NHL
|
CHOP
|
Vitreous biopsy and CMV DNA PCR
|
Observation
|
Stable disease
|
|
9.
|
Akpek et al[23]
|
NHL
|
NR
|
Diagnostic vitrectomy and CMV DNA PCR
|
IV gan
|
Bilateral visual loss
|
|
10.
|
Vote et al[24]
|
PSPL
|
Splenectomy, CHOP
|
Vitreal aspirate and CMV DNA PCR
|
IV gan f/b IV foscarnet
|
Stable
|
|
11.
|
Derzko et al[25]
|
DLBCL (R)
|
Alemtuzumab, Fludarabine
|
CMV DNA PCR of vitreal fluid
|
IV gan and foscarnet
|
Did not improve
|
|
12
|
Reddy et al[26]
|
NHL
|
Various chemotherapy
|
CMV DNA PCR of vitreal fluid
|
IVtr, IV Gan and PO Valgan
|
Improved
|
|
13
|
Current patient
|
DLBCL
|
PEP-C oral
|
CMV DNA PCR of vitreal aspirate
|
IVtr, IV Gan f/b PO Valgan
|
Improved
|
Abbreviations: (R), relapsed disease; ABVD, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine;
AITL, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma; BV, brentuximab vedotin; CHOP, cyclophosphamide,
doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone; CVP, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisolone;
CVPP, chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine, prednisolone; DLBCL, diffuse large
B cell lymphoma; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; FL, follicular lymphoma; Gan, ganciclovir;
HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; IV, intravenous; IVtr, intravitreal; MOPP/ABVD, mechlorethamine,
vincristine, procarbazine, prednisolone, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine;
MP, mechlorethamine, prednisolone; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NR, not reported; PCR,
polymerase chain reaction; PO, peroral; PSPL, primary splenic plasmacytoid lymphoma;
Valgan, valganciclovir; PEP-C, oral procarbazine, etoposide, prednisolone, and cydophosphamide;
CMV, Cytomegalovirus; DND, Deoxyribonudeic acid.
Conclusion
Despite low doses, long-term use of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone possibly induces
a chronic immunodeficiency state making the patients susceptible to rare infections.
This case is presented to alert clinicians about unusual but severe infections in
patients on OMCT.
