Download PDF
Int J Angiol 2021; 30(01): 053-066
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723941
Review Article

Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in High-Risk Settings

Mohamed A. Omer
1   Cardiovascular Services, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin
2   Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
,
Jose E. Exaire
1   Cardiovascular Services, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin
2   Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
,
Jacob C. Jentzer
3   Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
,
Yader B. Sandoval
3   Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
,
Mandeep Singh
3   Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
,
Charles R. Cagin
1   Cardiovascular Services, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin
2   Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
,
Islam Y. Elgendy
4   Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
,
Tahir Tak
1   Cardiovascular Services, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin
2   Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Despite the widespread adoption of primary percutaneous intervention and modern antithrombotic therapy, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains the leading cause of death in the United States and remains one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Certain high-risk patients present a challenge for diagnosis and treatment. The widespread adoption of primary percutaneous intervention in addition to modern antithrombotic therapy has resulted in substantial improvement in the short- and long-term prognosis following STEMI. In this review, we aim to provide a brief analysis of the state-of-the-art treatment for patients presenting with STEMI, focusing on cardiogenic shock, current treatment and controversies, cardiac arrest, and diagnosis and treatment of mechanical complications, as well as multivessel and left main-related STEMI.

Keywords

cardiac arrest - multivessel - STEMI - myocardial infarction - cardiogenic shock


Publication History

Article published online:
12 February 2021

© 2021. International College of Angiology. This article is published by Thieme.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A. et al; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139 (10) e56-e528
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Fox KA, Steg PG, Eagle KA. et al; GRACE Investigators. Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999-2006. JAMA 2007; 297 (17) 1892-1900
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Yeh RW, Sidney S, Chandra M, Sorel M, Selby JV, Go AS. Population trends in the incidence and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (23) 2155-2165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ. et al; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 141 (09) e139-e596
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Krumholz HM, Normand ST, Wang Y. Twenty-year trends in outcomes for older adults with acute myocardial infarction in the United States. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2 (03) e191938
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Peterson ED, Shah BR, Parsons L. et al. Trends in quality of care for patients with acute myocardial infarction in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006. Am Heart J 2008; 156 (06) 1045-1055
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Omer MA, Tyler JM, Henry TD. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of STEMI patients with cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 13 (10) 1211-1219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Zeymer U, Bueno H, Granger CB. et al. Acute Cardiovascular Care Association position statement for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a document of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2020; 9 (02) 183-197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG. et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1999; 341 (09) 625-634
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Thiele H, Akin I, Sandri M. et al; CULPRIT-SHOCK Investigators. PCI strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (25) 2419-2432
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Wayangankar SA, Bangalore S, McCoy LA. et al. Temporal trends and outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions for cardiogenic shock in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: a report from the CathPCI registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9 (04) 341-351
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Kolte D, Khera S, Aronow WS. et al. Trends in incidence, management, and outcomes of cardiogenic shock complicating ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3 (01) e000590
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Harjola VP, Lassus J, Sionis A. et al; CardShock Study Investigators, GREAT network. Clinical picture and risk prediction of short-term mortality in cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail 2015; 17 (05) 501-509
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Auffret V, Cottin Y, Leurent G. et al; ORBI and RICO Working Groups. Predicting the development of in-hospital cardiogenic shock in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the ORBI risk score. Eur Heart J 2018; 39 (22) 2090-2102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Baran DA, Grines CL, Bailey S. et al. SCAI clinical expert consensus statement on the classification of cardiogenic shock: this document was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in April 2019. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 94 (01) 29-37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Jentzer JC, van Diepen S, Barsness GW. et al. Cardiogenic shock classification to predict mortality in the cardiac intensive care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74 (17) 2117-2128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 van Diepen S, Katz JN, Albert NM. et al; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research, and Mission: Lifeline. Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 136 (16) e232-e268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Pöss J, Köster J, Fuernau G. et al. Risk stratification for patients in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69 (15) 1913-1920
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Kapur NK, Alkhouli MA, DeMartini TJ. et al. Unloading the left ventricle before reperfusion in patients with anterior ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 2019; 139 (03) 337-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Thiele H, Ohman EM, de Waha-Thiele S, Zeymer U, Desch S. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction: an update 2019. Eur Heart J 2019; 40 (32) 2671-2683
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Bauer T, Zeymer U, Hochadel M. et al. Use and outcomes of multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (from the EHS-PCI Registry). Am J Cardiol 2012; 109 (07) 941-946
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Mylotte D, Morice MC, Eltchaninoff H. et al. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and cardiogenic shock: the role of primary multivessel revascularization. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6 (02) 115-125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Park JS, Cha KS, Lee DS. et al; Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry Investigators. Culprit or multivessel revascularisation in ST-elevation myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. Heart 2015; 101 (15) 1225-1232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Kolte D, Sardar P, Khera S. et al. Culprit vessel-only versus multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: a collaborative meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10 (11) e005582
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Cavender MA, Milford-Beland S, Roe MT, Peterson ED, Weintraub WS, Rao SV. Prevalence, predictors, and in-hospital outcomes of non-infarct artery intervention during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry). Am J Cardiol 2009; 104 (04) 507-513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 de Waha S, Jobs A, Eitel I. et al. Multivessel versus culprit lesion only percutaneous coronary intervention in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2018; 7 (01) 28-37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Thiele H, Akin I, Sandri M. et al; CULPRIT-SHOCK Investigators. One-year outcomes after PCI strategies in cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2018; 379 (18) 1699-1710
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Khera R, Secemsky EA, Wang Y. et al. Revascularization practices and outcomes in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease who presented with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock in the US, 2009-2018. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180 (10) 1317-1327
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B. et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2013; 128 (16) 1810-1852
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J. et al; SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (09) 779-789
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Levy B, Clere-Jehl R, Legras A. et al; Collaborators. Epinephrine versus norepinephrine for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72 (02) 173-182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ. et al; IABP-SHOCK II Trial Investigators. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (14) 1287-1296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Ouweneel DM, Eriksen E, Sjauw KD. et al. Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support versus intra-aortic balloon pump in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69 (03) 278-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Ouweneel DM, Eriksen E, Seyfarth M, Henriques JP. Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support versus intra-aortic balloon pump for treating cardiogenic shock: meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69 (03) 358-360
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Flaherty MP, Khan AR, O'Neill WW. Early initiation of Impella in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock improves survival: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10 (17) 1805-1806
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Udesen NJ, Møller JE, Lindholm MG. et al; DanGer Shock investigators. Rationale and design of DanGer shock: Danish-German cardiogenic shock trial. Am Heart J 2019; 214: 60-68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Karami M, den Uil CA, Ouweneel DM. et al. Mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock from acute myocardial infarction: Impella CP/5.0 versus ECMO. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2020; 9 (02) 164-172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Becher PM, Schrage B, Sinning CR. et al. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiopulmonary support. Circulation 2018; 138 (20) 2298-2300
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Jentzer JC, van Diepen S, Henry TD. Understanding how cardiac arrest complicates the analysis of clinical trials of cardiogenic shock. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2020; 13 (09) e006692
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Jentzer JC, Henry TD, Barsness GW, Menon V, Baran DA, Van Diepen S. Influence of cardiac arrest and SCAI shock stage on cardiac intensive care unit mortality. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 96 (07) 1350-1359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Tehrani BN, Truesdell AG, Sherwood MW. et al. Standardized team-based care for cardiogenic shock. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73 (13) 1659-1669
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Taleb I, Koliopoulou AG, Tandar A. et al. Shock team approach in refractory cardiogenic shock requiring short-term mechanical circulatory support: a proof of concept. Circulation 2019; 140 (01) 98-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Sleeper LA, Reynolds HR, White HD, Webb JG, Dzavík V, Hochman JS. A severity scoring system for risk assessment of patients with cardiogenic shock: a report from the SHOCK Trial and Registry. Am Heart J 2010; 160 (03) 443-450
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Karam N, Bataille S, Marijon E. et al; e-MUST Study Investigators. Incidence, mortality, and outcome-predictors of sudden cardiac arrest complicating myocardial infarction prior to hospital admission. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 12 (01) e007081
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Jentzer JC, Herrmann J, Prasad A, Barsness GW, Bell MR. Utility and challenges of an early invasive strategy in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 12 (08) 697-708
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD. et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61 (04) 485-510
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Lemkes JS, Janssens GN, van der Hoeven NW. et al. Coronary angiography after cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2019; 380 (15) 1397-1407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Rab T, Kern KB, Tamis-Holland JE. et al; Interventional Council, American College of Cardiology. Cardiac arrest: a treatment algorithm for emergent invasive cardiac procedures in the resuscitated comatose patient. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66 (01) 62-73
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T. et al; TTM Trial Investigators. Targeted temperature management at 33°C versus 36°C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (23) 2197-2206
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Jentzer JC, Clements CM, Murphy JG, Scott Wright R. Recent developments in the management of patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. J Crit Care 2017; 39: 97-107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Callaway CW, Donnino MW, Fink EL. et al. Part 8: post-cardiac arrest care: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2015; 132 (18) (Suppl. 02) S465-S482
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Wallmüller C, Sterz F, Testori C. et al. Emergency cardio-pulmonary bypass in cardiac arrest: seventeen years of experience. Resuscitation 2013; 84 (03) 326-330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Belohlavek J, Kucera K, Jarkovsky J. et al. Hyperinvasive approach to out-of hospital cardiac arrest using mechanical chest compression device, prehospital intraarrest cooling, extracorporeal life support and early invasive assessment compared to standard of care. a randomized parallel groups comparative study proposal. “Prague OHCA study”. J Transl Med 2012; 10: 163
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Toma M, Buller CE, Westerhout CM. et al; APEX-AMI Investigators. Non-culprit coronary artery percutaneous coronary intervention during acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: insights from the APEX-AMI trial. Eur Heart J 2010; 31 (14) 1701-1707
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Jaski BE, Cohen JD, Trausch J. et al. Outcome of urgent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: comparison of single-vessel versus multivessel coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 1992; 124 (06) 1427-1433
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Patel MR, Calhoon JH, Dehmer GJ. et al. ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/STS 2016 appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69 (05) 570-591
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A. et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2019; 40 (02) 87-165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Wald DS, Morris JK, Wald NJ. et al; PRAMI Investigators. Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (12) 1115-1123
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Gershlick AH, Khan JN, Kelly DJ. et al. Randomized trial of complete versus lesion-only revascularization in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI and multivessel disease: the CvLPRIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65 (10) 963-972
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Gershlick AH, Banning AS, Parker E. et al. Long-term follow-up of complete versus lesion-only revascularization in STEMI and multivessel disease: the CvLPRIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74 (25) 3083-3094
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Smits PC, Abdel-Wahab M, Neumann FJ. et al; Compare-Acute Investigators. Fractional flow reserve-guided multivessel angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2017; 376 (13) 1234-1244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Mehta SR, Wood DA, Storey RF. et al; COMPLETE Trial Steering Committee and Investigators. Complete revascularization with multivessel PCI for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2019; 381 (15) 1411-1421
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Ahmad Y, Howard JP, Arnold A. et al. Complete revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease: an updated meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9 (12) e015263
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Vallabhajosyula S, Prasad A, Bell MR. et al. Outcomes of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction involving the left main coronary artery. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2020; 4 (03) 345-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S. et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: the Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2018; 39 (02) 119-177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Pedrazzini GB, Radovanovic D, Vassalli G. et al; AMIS Plus Investigators. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for unprotected left main disease in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction the AMIS (Acute Myocardial Infarction in Switzerland) plus registry experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4 (06) 627-633
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Ahmad Y, Howard JP, Arnold AD. et al. Mortality after drug-eluting stents vs. coronary artery bypass grafting for left main coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J 2020; 41 (34) 3228-3235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Stone GW, Kappetein AP, Sabik JF. et al; EXCEL Trial Investigators. Five-year outcomes after PCI or CABG for left main coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2019; 381 (19) 1820-1830
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Lee MS, Bokhoor P, Park SJ. et al. Unprotected left main coronary disease and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a contemporary review and argument for percutaneous coronary intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 3 (08) 791-795
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Ellis SG, Tamai H, Nobuyoshi M. et al. Contemporary percutaneous treatment of unprotected left main coronary stenoses: initial results from a multicenter registry analysis 1994-1996. Circulation 1997; 96 (11) 3867-3872
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Kosuga K, Tamai H, Ueda K. et al. Initial and long-term results of angioplasty in unprotected left main coronary artery. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83 (01) 32-37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Vis MM, Beijk MA, Grundeken MJ. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on primary percutaneous coronary intervention of an unprotected left main coronary artery culprit lesion in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6 (04) 317-324
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Gharacholou SM, Ijioma NN, Lennon RJ. et al. Characteristics and long term outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes due to culprit left main coronary artery disease treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J 2018; 199: 156-162
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Perera D, Stables R, Clayton T. et al; BCIS-1 Investigators. Long-term mortality data from the balloon pump-assisted coronary intervention study (BCIS-1): a randomized, controlled trial of elective balloon counterpulsation during high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2013; 127 (02) 207-212
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 O'Neill WW, Kleiman NS, Moses J. et al. A prospective, randomized clinical trial of hemodynamic support with Impella 2.5 versus intra-aortic balloon pump in patients undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: the PROTECT II study. Circulation 2012; 126 (14) 1717-1727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Elbadawi A, Elgendy IY, Mahmoud K. et al. Temporal trends and outcomes of mechanical complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 12 (18) 1825-1836
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Honda S, Asaumi Y, Yamane T. et al. Trends in the clinical and pathological characteristics of cardiac rupture in patients with acute myocardial infarction over 35 years. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3 (05) e000984
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 GUSTO investigators. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 329 (10) 673-682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Kinn JW, O'Neill WW, Benzuly KH, Jones DE, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty reduces risk of myocardial rupture compared to thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1997; 42 (02) 151-157
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Bajaj A, Sethi A, Rathor P, Suppogu N, Sethi A. Acute complications of myocardial infarction in the current era: diagnosis and management. J Investig Med 2015; 63 (07) 844-855
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO. et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63 (22) 2438-2488
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Kettner J, Sramko M, Holek M, Pirk J, Kautzner J. Utility of intra-aortic balloon pump support for ventricular septal rupture and acute mitral regurgitation complicating acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112 (11) 1709-1713
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Kishon Y, Oh JK, Schaff HV, Mullany CJ, Tajik AJ, Gersh BJ. Mitral valve operation in postinfarction rupture of a papillary muscle: immediate results and long-term follow-up of 22 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67 (11) 1023-1030
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Bahlmann E, Frerker C, Kreidel F. et al. MitraClip implantation after acute ischemic papillary muscle rupture in a patient with prolonged cardiogenic shock. Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 99 (02) e41-e42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Papadopoulos K, Chrissoheris M, Nikolaou I, Spargias K. Edge-to-edge mitral valve repair for acute mitral valve regurgitation due to papillary muscle rupture: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2019; 3 (01) ytz001
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Hutchins GM. Rupture of the interventricular septum complicating myocardial infarction: pathological analysis of 10 patients with clinically diagnosed perforations. Am Heart J 1979; 97 (02) 165-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Crenshaw BS, Granger CB, Birnbaum Y. et al; GUSTO-I (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded Coronary Arteries) Trial Investigators. Risk factors, angiographic patterns, and outcomes in patients with ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000; 101 (01) 27-32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Reeder GS. Identification and treatment of complications of myocardial infarction. Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70 (09) 880-884
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Smyllie JH, Sutherland GR, Geuskens R, Dawkins K, Conway N, Roelandt JR. Doppler color flow mapping in the diagnosis of ventricular septal rupture and acute mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15 (06) 1449-1455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Ahmed T, Nautiyal A, Kapadia S, Nissen SE. Delayed presentation of STEMI complicated by ventricular septal rupture in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. JACC Case Rep 2020; 2 (10) 1599-1602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Papadopoulos N, Moritz A, Dzemali O. et al. Long-term results after surgical repair of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture by infarct exclusion technique. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 87 (05) 1421-1425
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Pang PY, Sin YK, Lim CH. et al. Outcome and survival analysis of surgical repair of post-infarction ventricular septal rupture. J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 8: 44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Matteucci M, Fina D, Jiritano F. et al. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the setting of postinfarction mechanical complications: outcome analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2020; 31 (03) 369-374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Jeppsson A, Liden H, Johnsson P, Hartford M, Rådegran K. Surgical repair of post infarction ventricular septal defects: a national experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 27 (02) 216-221
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Arnaoutakis GJ, Zhao Y, George TJ, Sciortino CM, McCarthy PM, Conte JV. Surgical repair of ventricular septal defect after myocardial infarction: outcomes from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94 (02) 436-443 , discussion 443–444
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Calvert PA, Cockburn J, Wynne D. et al. Percutaneous closure of postinfarction ventricular septal defect: in-hospital outcomes and long-term follow-up of UK experience. Circulation 2014; 129 (23) 2395-2402
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Becker RC, Gore JM, Lambrew C. et al. A composite view of cardiac rupture in the United States National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27 (06) 1321-1326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Davis N, Sistino JJ. Review of ventricular rupture: key concepts and diagnostic tools for success. Perfusion 2002; 17 (01) 63-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Oliva PB, Hammill SC, Edwards WD. Cardiac rupture, a clinically predictable complication of acute myocardial infarction: report of 70 cases with clinicopathologic correlations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22 (03) 720-726
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Arsanjani R, Lohrmann G, Allen S, Unzek S, Mookadam F. A multi-modality approach to left ventricular aneurysms: true vs false. Am J Med 2016; 129 (08) e113-e116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Vogel-Claussen J, Skrok J, Fishman EK, Lima JA, Shah AS, Bluemke DA. Cardiac CT and MRI guide surgery in impending left ventricular rupture after acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 4: 42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Engstrøm T, Kelbæk H, Helqvist S. et al; DANAMI-3—PRIMULTI Investigators. Complete revascularisation versus treatment of the culprit lesion only in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease (DANAMI-3—PRIMULTI): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 386 (9994): 665-671
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar