Keywords
hearing loss - otitis media - Goldenhar syndrome
Introduction
Goldenhar syndrome (GHS) also known as oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome is a rare
congenital anomaly characterized by the involvement of first and second branchial
arches, manifesting as microtia, periauricular appendices, epibulbar dermoid, hypoplasia
of zygomatic, mandibular and maxillary bones, facial muscle hypoplasia, and vertebral
abnormalities.
Case Report
An 18-year-old female born to nonconsanguineous parents, presented with right ear
discharge and decreased hearing since childhood. She was the third child and her two
other siblings did not have similar complaints.
On examination she had right ear microtia and post auricular skin tags ([Fig. 1A]). External auditory canal (EAC) was found to be stenosed and filled with discharge.
On the left side, preauricular skin tag was present ([Fig. 1B]). Right lower motor neuron partial facial paralysis involved the forehead, angle
of mouth but spared the eye. Asymmetry of the craniofacial skeleton and hemifacial
microsomia on right side was obvious. On ophthalmic examination, bulbar conjunctival
limbal dermoid in the right eye and bulbar conjunctival dermoid in the left eye were
detected ([Fig. 2]). Consultation references were also given to orthopaedics, maxillofacial surgery,
plastic surgery, and internal medicine for examination. However, abnormalities like
vertebral deformities, cleft lip, or palate did not exist. Hence it was decided on
consensus to operate on the mastoid first and perform the other surgeries later.
Fig. 1 (A) Picture showing the anomalies in the right external ear, (B) left external ear.
Fig. 2 Picture showing the involvement of the right eye.
Ear swab culture detected Pseudomonas species. Pure tone audiometry of the right ear revealed severe to profound mixed
hearing loss. High resolution computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone revealed
atresia of EAC, sclerosed mastoid and cholesteatoma in the right middle ear, erosions
of the bony ossicular chain, asymmetry of internal auditory meati, and hypoplasia
of right condyle of mandible ([Fig. 3A]
[B]).
Fig. 3 (A) CT scan axial section showing right external anomalies, (B) coronal section showing hypoplasia of right mandible. CT, computed tomography.
She was started on intravenous antibiotics as per the ear swab report. She was then
posted for right mastoidectomy and reconstruction. Pars tensa showed central perforation
with granulation tissue. Attic too was filled with granulation tissue and was drilled
out. Malleus, part of incus, footplate of stapes with single crus were present. Facial
canal, however, seemed to be normal. Mastoid cortex was sclerosed and contracted ([Fig. 4A]
[B]). Canal wall down mastoidectomy was done. Attic reconstruction was done with cartilage
harvested from post aural appendage. Meatoplasty was done with a T-shaped incision
on conchal cartilage and redundant post auricular appendages were excised.
Fig. 4 (A) Operative photograph showing dehiscence in bony mastoid (instrument inserted), (B) canal wall down mastoidectomy in progress.
Later, cartilage ossiculoplasty was performed and temporalis fascia graft was placed
in the middle ear to cover both attic cartilage as well as the reconstructed ossicular
chain. Canaloplasty was performed to widen the stenotic bony external ear canal and
split skin grafts (from margins of incision) were placed on the bare areas. A snugly
fitting soft silastic tube stent was placed in the EAC. A povidone iodine tulle drain
was kept from the mastoid cavity to the ear canal through the meatoplasty. This was
removed after 1 week. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications.
After the mastoid surgery, the patient was advised to visit the department of plastic
surgery for the reconstruction of the pinna. The stent was removed after 6 months
during follow-up. No recurrence of disease was observed during a follow-up of 1 year.
Discussion
GHS affects multiple organs of the body simultaneously. Frequently there is asymmetry
of face and cosmetic correction of the defects is quite elaborate and time consuming.
Hence correction of these anomalies itself is quite challenging and adds to the expenditure
and morbidity of the patient. At times there are odd findings that are not a part
of the classical picture. Dhingra et al[1] found nasal polyposis in their case.
This patient presented first time to the hospital with the classical picture of GHS
with complaints of ear discharge and hearing impairment. Accessory tragus is a consistent
feature of GHS.[2] Microtia is the most frequent finding in GHS.[3] The degree of hearing loss deteriorated as the grade of microtia increased.[4] Both these findings were observed in this patient. However, ours was not a full-blown
case of the syndrome, probably because of which the patient had not reported earlier.
Even though several cases of cholesteatoma in the ear are reported in literature ([Table 1]), none of the middle ear cholesteatoma cases presented with chronic ear discharge.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such case to be reported. The lack
of ear discharge may partly be due to the agenesis of the external ear canal. This
may also be the reason behind the pathogenesis of external ear cholesteatoma that
may arise due to the improper scavenging of the epithelium in the ear canal. Besides
the maldevelopment of the Eustachian tube and mastoid are responsible for the improper
aeration of the middle ear that probably contributes to the development of retraction
pockets and cholesteatoma. However, middle ear cholesteatoma reported so far in literature
([Table 1]) is less common than external ear cholesteatoma. Complications of cholesteatoma
in GHS are rare and only mastoid abscess with fistula has been reported.[5] The agenesis of various structures in the external and middle ear makes the disease
clearance and the reconstruction very difficult. The chances of recurrences are also
high due to the abnormal anatomy, not to mention the cosmetic outlook after the surgery.
One of the ways to tackle the irregularly shaped mastoid cavity is by obliteration
of the same, even though unreported in literature.
Table 1
Cases with cholesteatoma or ear involvement reported across the world in the past
20 years
|
Authors
|
Year
|
Place
|
Total cases
|
External ear findings
|
Middle ear findings
|
Inner ear findings
|
Hearing loss
|
Facial nerve palsy
|
|
Abbreviations: CHL, conductive hearing loss; EAC, external auditory canal; FC, Fallopian
canal; IAC, internal auditory canal; ICA, internal carotid artery; L, left; MHL, mixed
hearing loss; R, right; SCC, semicircular canal; SNHL, sensory neural hearing loss.
Note: Inside brackets are the actual numbers affected.
|
|
Dhingra et al[1]
|
2020
|
India
|
1
|
Low set ears
Preauricular tag (R),
Microtia (R),
Agenesis of EAC (R)
|
Agenesis of middle ear cavity and ossicles (R)
|
|
Severe MHL
|
Yes
(L)
|
|
Hodge et al[5]
|
2019
|
United States
|
3
|
EAC cholesteatoma (3), Microtia (3)
|
Not involved
|
|
|
No
|
|
Hennersdorf et al[10]
|
2014
|
Germany
|
21
|
Atresia/stenosis of EAC (19)
|
Ossicular chain dysplasia (19),
Absent ossicles (1),
Opaque/Narrowed middle ear (14),
Opaque antrum (12)
|
Aberrant petrous segment of ICA (1), IAC malformation (5),
Cochlear anomaly (2),
SCC changes (5)
|
Isolated severe CHL (4/7)
MHL (3/7)
|
No
|
|
Rosa et al[3]
|
2011
|
Brazil
|
12
|
Microtia (12)
|
Middle ear opacity (2)
Displaced middle ear (2)
Malformed ossicles (2)
Nonaerated mastoid (5)
|
Agenesis (2)
|
CHL, SNHL (Some)
|
No
|
|
Jin et al[4]
|
2010
|
China
|
208
|
Microtia
Preauricular sinus/tags (14.4%),
EAC stenosis (98.6%)
|
Cholesteatoma (15)
|
|
MHL (55/103)
CHL (51/103)
|
Yes
(4)
|
|
Barkdull and Carvalho[9]
|
2007
|
United States
|
1
|
Microtia (L),
EAC stenosis (L), EAC cholesteatoma
|
Hypoplastic (R)
|
|
|
Yes
(L)
|
|
Ottaviano et al[11]
|
2006
|
Italy
|
1
|
Dysmorphic pinna (R),
EAC atresia
(R)
|
Dysmorphism of petrous and mastoid, Absent stapes (R),
No FC (R)
|
Absence of inner ear and
8th nerve and
IAC
|
|
No
|
|
Reddy et al[12]
|
2005
|
India
|
1
|
Bilateral microtia,
Accessory auricle (L),
EAC stenosis (R)
|
Sclerosis of middle ear bilaterally,
Cholesteatoma (R)
|
Sclerosis of inner ear bilaterally,
Hypoplastic IAC (L)
|
Bilateral SNHL
|
No
|
|
Rahbar et al[7]
|
2001
|
United States
|
40
|
Auricular abnormalities (38),
Bilateral anomalies (7)
|
Hypoplasia/atresia (36),
Ossicles malformation (30)
|
Hypoplasia of oval window (12)
|
CHL (35)
SNHL (4)
|
Yes (20)
|
|
Lemmerling et al[8]
|
2000
|
Belgium
|
1
|
Microtia (R),
Preauricular tag (R),
Narrow EAC (R)
|
Opaque middle ear and mastoid (L),
Malrotation of ossicular chain with fixation to wall of middle ear (R)
Absent stapes (R)
|
Enlarged vestibular aqueduct (R),
Cochlear dysplasia, No SCC and FC (R)
|
|
Yes (R)
|
The most frequent neurological manifestation was facial nerve paralysis.[6] The actual cause of facial palsy in our case was unclear as, there was no dehiscence
or compression of the nerve observed in the high-resolution CT scan or during the
mastoid surgery. Also, it was unlikely that the cholesteatoma was the cause of the
facial palsy. Some of the cases reported in literature had facial palsy even in the
absence of cholesteatoma.[7]
[8] Hypoplasia of the nerve is the probable cause as reported in few cases before.[7] This makes the condition difficult to treat. The absence of a proper external ear
canal necessitates the need for a bony canaloplasty and also placement of a silastic
stent in the canal to prevent the collapse and restenosis. Barkdull and Carvalho[9] have used orogastric tube as stent to dilate the reconstructed EAC. Pinna reconstruction
would need to be taken up in the second sitting.
Conclusion
GHS presenting as squamosal chronic otitis media is rare and is challenging to manage
because of the development of acquired disease in the backdrop of multiple congenital
anomalies. A high index of suspicion is required to identify and diagnose this syndrome
when the patient presents with complaints of ear discharge only. Multiorgan involvement
affects the quality of life of the patient and is yet another challenge in this syndrome
that would determine the number of surgeries to be performed. Correction of these
anomalies requires multimodality staged procedures.
