Download PDF
J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2021; 82(05): 506-521
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714108
Original Article

Heterogeneity in Outcome Reporting in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

Christina Dorismond 
1   Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
,
Griffin D. Santarelli
2   Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
,
Brian D. Thorp
1   Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
,
Adam J. Kimple
1   Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
,
Charles S. Ebert Jr.
1   Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
,
Adam M. Zanation
1   Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective Presently, there are no standards for reporting outcomes of endoscopic endonasal skull base reconstruction (ESBR). This is problematic as a lack of consistent reporting makes synthesizing findings in systematic reviews and meta-analysis challenging. Thus, the aim of this study was to systematically review and describe the patterns of reporting outcomes in ESBR as a foundation for developing reporting guidelines.

Study Design Present study is a systematic review.

Methods Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for all publications with ≥25 patients and a focus on ESBR. The reporting patterns of each study's variables and outcomes were assessed.

Results A total of 112 studies were included in the review. The most commonly reported demographic variables were the number of included patients (n = 112, 100%) and types of pathologies treated (n = 104, 92.9%). Meanwhile, the most routinely described preoperative variable was history of prior treatment (n = 48, 42.9%). Type of reconstruction was a commonly reported intraoperative variable (n = 110, 98.2%), though the rate of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak was noted in only 76 studies (67.9%). With regard to postoperative outcomes, postoperative CSF leak rate was routinely provided (n = 101, 90.2%), but reporting of other surgical complications was more inconsistent. Ultimately, of the 43 variables and outcomes reviewed, a median of 12 (range: 4–22) was reported in each study.

Conclusion There is significant heterogeneity in the outcomes reported in studies relating to ESBR. This highlights the need for the development of standard reporting guidelines to minimize bias and improve interstudy comparability.

Keywords

endoscopic endonasal approach - skull base surgery - skull base reconstruction - systematic review - outcome reporting


Publication History

Received: 20 December 2020

Accepted: 17 May 2020

Article published online:
07 August 2020

© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Jankowski R, Auque J, Simon C, Marchal JC, Hepner H, Wayoff M. Endoscopic pituitary tumor surgery. Laryngoscope 1992; 102 (02) 198-202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Jho H-D, Carrau RL. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery: experience with 50 patients. J Neurosurg 1997; 87 (01) 44-51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Cappabianca P, Alfieri A, de Divitiis E. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to the sella: towards functional endoscopic pituitary surgery (FEPS). Minim Invasive Neurosurg 1998; 41 (02) 66-73
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Kassam A, Snyderman CH, Mintz A, Gardner P, Carrau RL. Expanded endonasal approach: the rostrocaudal axis. Part I. Crista galli to the sella turcica. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19 (01) E3
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Kassam A, Snyderman CH, Mintz A, Gardner P, Carrau RL. Expanded endonasal approach: the rostrocaudal axis. Part II. Posterior clinoids to the foramen magnum. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19 (01) E4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Klatt-Cromwell CN, Thorp BD, Del Signore AG, Ebert CS, Ewend MG, Zanation AM. Reconstruction of skull base defects. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2016; 49 (01) 107-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Soudry E, Turner JH, Nayak JV, Hwang PH. Endoscopic reconstruction of surgically created skull base defects: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 150 (05) 730-738
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Harvey RJ, Parmar P, Sacks R, Zanation AM. Endoscopic skull base reconstruction of large dural defects: a systematic review of published evidence. Laryngoscope 2012; 122 (02) 452-459
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Lavigne P, Faden DL, Wang EW, Snyderman CH. Complications of nasoseptal flap reconstruction: a systematic review. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2018; 79 (04, Suppl 4): S291-S299
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Kirkham JJ, Dwan KM, Altman DG. et al. The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ 2010; 340 (7747): c365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Lai L, Morgan MK, Trooboff S, Harvey RJ. A systematic review of published evidence on expanded endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery and the risk of postoperative seizure. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20 (02) 197-203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Williamson PR, Altman DG, Blazeby JM. et al. Developing core outcome sets for clinical trials: issues to consider. Trials 2012; 13: 132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Kirkham JJ, Gargon E, Clarke M, Williamson PR. Can a core outcome set improve the quality of systematic reviews?--a survey of the Co-ordinating Editors of Cochrane Review Groups. Trials 2013; 14 (01) 21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Hadad G, Bassagasteguy L, Carrau RL. et al. A novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap. Laryngoscope 2006; 116 (10) 1882-1886
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Gil Z, Abergel A, Spektor S. et al. Quality of life following surgery for anterior skull base tumors. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129 (12) 1303-1309
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Hua Y-J, Chen M-Y, Qian C-N. et al. Postradiation nasopharyngeal necrosis in the patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 2009; 31 (06) 807-812
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Gruss CL, Al Komser M, Aghi MK. et al. Risk factors for cerebrospinal leak after endoscopic skull base reconstruction with nasoseptal flap. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 151 (03) 516-521
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Zwagerman NT, Wang EW, Shin SS. et al. Does lumbar drainage reduce postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery? A prospective, randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg 2018; 131 (04) 1-7
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Ivan ME, Iorgulescu JB, El-Sayed I. et al. Risk factors for postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak and meningitis after expanded endoscopic endonasal surgery. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22 (01) 48-54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Naunheim MR, Sedaghat AR, Lin DT. et al. Immediate and delayed complications following endoscopic skull base surgery. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2015; 76 (05) 390-396
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Alobid I, Enseñat J, Mariño-Sánchez F. et al. Impairment of olfaction and mucociliary clearance after expanded endonasal approach using vascularized septal flap reconstruction for skull base tumors. Neurosurgery 2013; 72 (04) 540-546
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Alobid I, Enseñat J, Mariño-Sánchez F. et al. Expanded endonasal approach using vascularized septal flap reconstruction for skull base tumors has a negative impact on sinonasal symptoms and quality of life. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27 (05) 426-431
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Amano K, Hori T, Kawamata T, Okada Y. Repair and prevention of cerebrospinal fluid leakage in transsphenoidal surgery: a sphenoid sinus mucosa technique. Neurosurg Rev 2016; 39 (01) 123-131 , discussion 131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Amin SM, Fawzy TO, Hegazy AA. Composite vascular pedicled middle turbinate flap for reconstruction of sellar defects. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 125 (09) 770-774
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Barger J, Siow M, Kader M. et al. The posterior nasoseptal flap: A novel technique for closure after endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas. Surg Neurol Int 2018; 9 (01) 32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Bergsneider M, Xue K, Suh JD, Wang MB. Barrier-limited multimodality closure for reconstruction of wide sellar openings. Neurosurgery 2012;71(01, suppl Operative):68–75, discussion 75–76
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Berker M, Aghayev K, Yücel T, Hazer DB, Onerci M. Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak during endoscopic pituitary surgery. Auris Nasus Larynx 2013; 40 (04) 373-378
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Cavallo LM, Solari D, Somma T, Cappabianca P. The 3F (fat, flap, and flash) technique for skull base reconstruction after endoscopic endonasal suprasellar approach. World Neurosurg 2019; 126: 439-446
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Chabot JD, Patel CR, Hughes MA. et al. Nasoseptal flap necrosis: a rare complication of endoscopic endonasal surgery. J Neurosurg 2018; 128 (05) 1463-1472
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Choby GW, Mattos JL, Hughes MA. et al. Delayed nasoseptal flaps for endoscopic skull base reconstruction: proof of concept and evaluation of outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152 (02) 255-259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Chung SB, Nam DH, Park K, Kim JH, Kong DS. Injectable hydroxyapatite cement patch as an on-lay graft for the sellar reconstructions following endoscopic endonasal approach. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012; 154 (04) 659-664 , discussion 664
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Cong Z, Liu K, Wen G, Qiao L, Wang H, Ma C. Universal Sellar Anatomical Reconstruction Using the Sellar Floor Flap after Endoscopic Pituitary Adenoma Surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 158 (04) 774-776
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Conger A, Zhao F, Wang X. et al. Evolution of the graded repair of CSF leaks and skull base defects in endonasal endoscopic tumor surgery: trends in repair failure and meningitis rates in 509 patients. J Neurosurg 2018; 130 (03) 861-875
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Dehdashti AR, Stofko D, Okun J, Obourn C, Kennedy T. Endoscopic Endonasal Reconstruction of Skull Base: Repair Protocol. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2016; 77 (03) 271-278
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Dolci RLL, Miyake MM, Tateno DA. et al. Postoperative otorhinolaryngologic complications in transnasal endoscopic surgery to access the skull base. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed) 2017; 83 (03) 349-355
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Eloy JA, Kuperan AB, Choudhry OJ, Harirchian S, Liu JK. Efficacy of the pedicled nasoseptal flap without cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion for repair of skull base defects: incidence of postoperative CSF leaks. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2012; 2 (05) 397-401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Eloy JA, Choudhry OJ, Friedel ME, Kuperan AB, Liu JK. Endoscopic nasoseptal flap repair of skull base defects: is addition of a dural sealant necessary?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 147 (01) 161-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Eloy JA, Choudhry OJ, Shukla PA, Kuperan AB, Friedel ME, Liu JK. Nasoseptal flap repair after endoscopic transsellar versus expanded endonasal approaches: is there an increased risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak?. Laryngoscope 2012; 122 (06) 1219-1225
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Eloy JA, Patel AA, Shukla PA, Choudhry OJ, Liu JK. Early harvesting of the vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap during endoscopic skull base surgery. Am J Otolaryngol 2013; 34 (03) 188-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Fathalla H, Di Ieva A, Lee J. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks in extended endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery: covering all the angles. Neurosurg Rev 2017; 40 (02) 309-318
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Fishpool SJC, Amato-Watkins A, Hayhurst C. Free middle turbinate mucosal graft reconstruction after primary endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274 (02) 837-844
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Fnais N, Maio SD, Edionwe S. et al. Hemi-transseptal approach for pituitary surgery: a follow-up study. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2017; 78 (02) 145-151
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Fonmarty D, Bastier PL, Lechot A, Gimbert E, de Gabory L. Assessment of abdominal fat graft to repair anterior skull base after malignant sinonasal tumor extirpation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 154 (03) 540-546
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Fraser S, Gardner PA, Koutourousiou M. et al. Risk factors associated with postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. J Neurosurg 2018; 128 (04) 1066-1071
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Fujimoto Y, Balsalobre L, Santos FP, Vellutini E, Stamm AC. Endoscopic combined “transseptal/transnasal” approach for pituitary adenoma: reconstruction of skull base using pedicled nasoseptal flap in 91 consecutive cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2015; 73 (07) 611-615
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Garcia-Navarro V, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Gasket seal closure for extended endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery: efficacy in a large case series. World Neurosurg 2013; 80 (05) 563-568
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Gode S, Biceroglu H, Turhal G. et al. Double nasoseptal flap technique for endonasal pituitary surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274 (02) 897-900
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Griffiths CF, Cutler AR, Duong HT. et al. Avoidance of postoperative epistaxis and anosmia in endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery: a technical note. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014; 156 (07) 1393-1401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Hanson M, Patel PM, Betz C, Olson S, Panizza B, Wallwork B. Sinonasal outcomes following endoscopic anterior skull base surgery with nasoseptal flap reconstruction: a prospective study. J Laryngol Otol 2015; 129 (Suppl. 03) S41-S46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Hara T, Akutsu H, Yamamoto T. et al. Cranial base repair using suturing technique combined with a mucosal flap for cerebrospinal fluid leakage during endoscopic endonasal surgery. World Neurosurg 2015; 84 (06) 1887-1893
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Harvey RJ, Nogueira JF, Schlosser RJ, Patel SJ, Vellutini E, Stamm AC. Closure of large skull base defects after endoscopic transnasal craniotomy. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2009; 111 (02) 371-379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Harvey RJ, Malek J, Winder M. et al. Sinonasal morbidity following tumour resection with and without nasoseptal flap reconstruction. Rhinology 2015; 53 (02) 122-128
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Harvey RJ, Winder M, Davidson A. et al. The olfactory strip and its preservation in endoscopic pituitary surgery maintains smell and sinonasal function. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2015; 76 (06) 464-470
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Hasegawa H, Shin M, Kondo K, Saito N. Reconstruction of dural defects in endoscopic transnasal approaches for intradural lesions using multilayered fascia with a pressure-control spinal drainage system. World Neurosurg 2018; 114: e1316-e1324
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Hobbs CGL, Darr A, Carlin WV. Management of intra-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak following endoscopic trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery. J Laryngol Otol 2011; 125 (03) 311-313
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Hong SD, Nam D-H, Park J, Kim HY, Chung S-K, Dhong H-J. Olfactory outcomes after endoscopic pituitary surgery with nasoseptal “rescue” flaps: electrocautery versus cold knife. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014; 28 (06) 517-519
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Horiguchi K, Murai H, Hasegawa Y, Hanazawa T, Yamakami I, Saeki N. Endoscopic endonasal skull base reconstruction using a nasal septal flap: surgical results and comparison with previous reconstructions. Neurosurg Rev 2010; 33 (02) 235-241 , discussion 241
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Horiguchi K, Nishioka H, Fukuhara N, Yamaguchi-Okada M, Yamada S. A new multilayer reconstruction using nasal septal flap combined with fascia graft dural suturing for high-flow cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal surgery. Neurosurg Rev 2016; 39 (03) 419-427
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Horridge M, Jesurasa A, Olubajo F, Mirza S, Sinha S. The use of the nasoseptal flap to reduce the rate of post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leaks following endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery for pituitary disease. Br J Neurosurg 2013; 27 (06) 739-741
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Hsu YW, Ho CY, Yen Y-SY. Reconstructed bone chip detachment is a risk factor for sinusitis after transsphenoidal surgery. Laryngoscope 2014; 124 (01) 57-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Hu F, Gu Y, Zhang X. et al. Combined use of a gasket seal closure and a vascularized pedicle nasoseptal flap multilayered reconstruction technique for high-flow cerebrospinal fluid leaks after endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery. World Neurosurg 2015; 83 (02) 181-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Husain Q, Sanghvi S, Kovalerchik O. et al. Assessment of mucocele formation after endoscopic nasoseptal flap reconstruction of skull base defects. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2013; 74 (01) e27-e31
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Ishii Y, Tahara S, Teramoto A, Morita A. Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: advantages, limitations, and our techniques to overcome cerebrospinal fluid leakage: technical note. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2014; 54 (12) 983-990
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Ishii Y, Tahara S, Hattori Y, Teramoto A, Morita A, Matsuno A. Fascia patchwork closure for endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. Neurosurg Rev 2015; 38 (03) 551-556 , discussion 556–557
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Ishikawa T, Takeuchi K, Nagata Y. et al. Three types of dural suturing for closure of CSF leak after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. J Neurosurg 2018; 131 (05) 1-7
    Google Scholar
  • 66 Ismail M, Fares AA, Abdelhak B, D'Haens J, Michel O. Sellar reconstruction without intrasellar packing after endoscopic surgery of pituitary macroadenomas is better than its reputation. Ger Med Sci 2016; 14: Doc07
    Google Scholar
  • 67 Jalessi M, Sharifi G, Mirfallah Layalestani MR. et al. Sellar reconstruction algorithm in endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: experience with 240 cases. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2013; 27 (04) 186-194
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Jalessi M, Jahanbakhshi A, Amini E, Kamrava SK, Farhadi M. Impact of nasoseptal flap elevation on sinonasal quality of life in endoscopic endonasal approach to pituitary adenomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273 (05) 1199-1205
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Jeon C, Hong SD, Seol HJ. et al. Reconstructive outcome of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal surgery for tumors involving skull base. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 45: 227-231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Kamat A, Lee JYKK, Goldstein GH. et al. Reconstructive challenges in the extended endoscopic transclival approach. J Laryngol Otol 2015; 129 (05) 468-472
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Karnezis TT, Baker AB, Soler ZM. et al. Factors impacting cerebrospinal fluid leak rates in endoscopic sellar surgery. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6 (11) 1117-1125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Kassam AB, Thomas A, Carrau RL. et al. Endoscopic reconstruction of the cranial base using a pedicled nasoseptal flap. Neurosurgery 2008;63(01, Suppl 1):ONS44–ONS52, discussion ONS52–ONS53
    Google Scholar
  • 73 Kessler RA, Garzon-Muvdi T, Kim E, Ramanathan M, Lim M. Utilization of the nasoseptal flap for repair of cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal approach for resection of pituitary tumors. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2019; 7 (01) 10-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Kim S, Jeon C, Kong D-S, Park K, Kim JH. Clinical efficacy of radiation-sterilized allografts for sellar reconstruction after transsphenoidal surgery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2011; 50 (06) 503-506
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Kim BY, Shin JH, Kang SG. et al. Bilateral modified nasoseptal “rescue” flaps in the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach. Laryngoscope 2013; 123 (11) 2605-2609
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Kim BY, Shin JH, Kim SWSW. et al. Risk factors predicting nasoseptal flap failure in the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28 (02) 468-471
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Kim C, Patel U, Higgins M. et al. The MR imaging appearance of endoscopic endonasal skull base defect reconstruction using free mucosal grafts. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2018; 79 (01) 1-2
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Kong D-SS, Kim HY, Kim S-HH. et al. Challenging reconstructive techniques for skull base defect following endoscopic endonasal approaches. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153 (04) 807-813
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Kuan EC, Yoo F, Chyu J, Bergsneider M, Wang MB. Treatment outcomes of Rathke's cleft cysts managed with marsupialization. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2017; 78 (02) 112-115
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Kuan EC, Yoo F, Patel PB, Su BM, Bergsneider M, Wang MB. An algorithm for sellar reconstruction following the endoscopic endonasal approach: a review of 300 consecutive cases. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2018; 79 (02) 177-183
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Li Z, Ji T, Huang GD, Guo J, Yang JH, Li WP. A stratified algorithm for skull base reconstruction with endoscopic endonasal approach. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 29 (01) 193-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Liu JK, Schmidt RF, Choudhry OJ, Shukla PA, Eloy JA. Surgical nuances for nasoseptal flap reconstruction of cranial base defects with high-flow cerebrospinal fluid leaks after endoscopic skull base surgery. Neurosurg Focus 2012; 32 (06) E7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Locatelli D, Vitali M, Custodi VM, Scagnelli P, Castelnuovo P, Canevari FR. Endonasal approaches to the sellar and parasellar regions: closure techniques using biomaterials. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2009; 151 (11) 1431-1437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Mattavelli D, Schreiber A, Villaret AB. et al. Complications and donor site morbidity of 3-layer reconstruction with iliotibial tract of the anterior skull base: Retrospective analysis of 186 patients. Head Neck 2018; 40 (01) 63-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 McCoul ED, Anand VK, Singh A, Nyquist GG, Schaberg MR, Schwartz TH. Long-term effectiveness of a reconstructive protocol using the nasoseptal flap after endoscopic skull base surgery. World Neurosurg 2014; 81 (01) 136-143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Moon JH, Kim EH, Kim SH. Various modifications of a vascularized nasoseptal flap for repair of extensive skull base dural defects. J Neurosurg 2019; 132 (02) 371-379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Munich SA, Fenstermaker RA, Fabiano AJ, Rigual NR. Cranial base repair with combined vascularized nasal septal flap and autologous tissue graft following expanded endonasal endoscopic neurosurgery. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2013; 74 (02) 101-108
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Nation J, Schupper AJ, Deconde A, Levy M. CSF leak after endoscopic skull base surgery in children: a single institution experience. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 119: 22-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Nix P, Tyagi A, Phillips N, Alavi SA, Tyagi A, Phillips N. Retrospective analysis of anterior skull base CSF leaks and endoscopic repairs at Leeds. Br J Neurosurg 2016; 30 (04) 422-426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Oakley GM, Christensen JM, Winder M. et al. Collagen matrix as an inlay in endoscopic skull base reconstruction. J Laryngol Otol 2018; 132 (03) 214-223
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Ogiwara T, Nagm A, Hasegawa T. et al. Pitfalls of skull base reconstruction in endoscopic endonasal approach. Neurosurg Rev 2019; 42 (03) 683-689
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Otto BA, Bowe SN, Carrau RL, Prevedello DM, Ditzel Filho LF, de Lara D. Transsphenoidal approach with nasoseptal flap pedicle transposition: modified rescue flap technique. Laryngoscope 2013; 123 (12) 2976-2979
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Park J-HH, Choi JH, Kim Y-I, Kim SW, Hong YK. Modified graded repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks in endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015; 58 (01) 36-42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Park W, Hong SD, Nam D-HH. et al. Nasoseptal flap elevation in patients with history of septal surgery: does it increase flap failure or cerebrospinal fluid leakage?. World Neurosurg 2016; 93: 164-167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Patel MR, Stadler ME, Snyderman CH. et al. How to choose? Endoscopic skull base reconstructive options and limitations. Skull Base 2010; 20 (06) 397-404
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Patel KS, Komotar RJ, Szentirmai O. et al. Case-specific protocol to reduce cerebrospinal fluid leakage after endonasal endoscopic surgery. J Neurosurg 2013; 119 (03) 661-668
    Google Scholar
  • 97 Patel PN, Stafford AM, Patrinely JR. et al. Risk factors for intraoperative and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks in endoscopic transsphenoidal sellar surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 158 (05) 952-960
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Pereira EAC, Grandidge CA, Nowak VA, Cudlip SA. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks after transsphenoidal surgery - Effect of a polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 44 (44) 6-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Peris-Celda M, Chaskes M, Lee DD, Kenning TJ, Pinheiro-Neto CD. Optimizing sellar reconstruction after pituitary surgery with free mucosal graft: results from the first 50 consecutive patients. World Neurosurg 2017; 101: 180-185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Rawal RB, Kimple AJ, Dugar DR, Zanation AM. Minimizing morbidity in endoscopic pituitary surgery: outcomes of the novel nasoseptal rescue flap technique. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 147 (03) 434-437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Riley CA, Tabaee A, Conley L. et al. Long-term sinonasal outcomes after endoscopic skull base surgery with nasoseptal flap reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2019; 129 (05) 1035-1040
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Romero AdelC, Nora JEE, Topczewski TE, Aguiar PH, Alobid I, Rodriguéz EF. Cerebrospinal fluid fistula after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery: experience in a spanish center. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2010; 68 (03) 414-417 NS -.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Rotman LE, Kicielinski KP, Broadwater DR. et al. Predictors of Nasoseptal Flap Use After Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Mass Resection. World Neurosurg 2018; 124: e356-e364
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Roxbury CR, Saavedra T, Ramanathan Jr. M. et al. Layered sellar reconstruction with avascular free grafts: acceptable alternative to the nasoseptal flap for repair of low-volume intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 30 (05) 367-371
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Roxbury CR, Magruder JT, Ramanathan M. et al. Postoperative sinonasal morbidity in sellar reconstruction: mucosal autograft versus acellular dermal allograft. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2017; 7 (12) 1178-1185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Ruggeri AG, Cappelletti M, Giovannetti F, Priore P, Pichierri A, Delfini R. Proposal of standardization of closure techniques after endoscopic pituitary and skull base surgery based on postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak risk classification. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30 (04) 1027-1032
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Sanders-Taylor C, Anaizi A, Kosty J, Zimmer LA, Theodosopoulos PV. Sellar reconstruction and rates of delayed cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic pituitary surgery. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2015; 76 (04) 281-285
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Scagnelli RJ, Patel V, Peris-Celda M, Kenning TJ, Pinheiro-Neto CD. Implementation of free mucosal graft technique for sellar reconstruction after pituitary surgery: outcomes of 158 consecutive patients. World Neurosurg 2019; 122: e506-e511
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Sciarretta V, Mazzatenta D, Ciarpaglini R, Pasquini E, Farneti G, Frank G. Surgical repair of persisting CSF leaks following standard or extended endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumor. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2010; 53 (02) 55-59
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Shahangian A, Soler ZM, Baker A. et al. Successful repair of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks improves outcomes in endoscopic skull base surgery. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2017; 7 (01) 80-86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Shin JH, Kang SG, Kim SW. et al. Bilateral nasoseptal flaps for endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24 (05) 1569-1572
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Singh C, Shah N. Posterior nasoseptal flap in the reconstruction of skull base defects following endonasal surgery. J Laryngol Otol 2019; 133 (05) 380-385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 So J, Park H, Sung K-SS, Lee KS, Hong C-KK. Sandwich technique using fibrin-coated collagen fleece for sellar reconstruction in large dural defects during transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 43: 256-260
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Soldatova L, Campbell RG, Elkhatib AH. et al. Role of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin in endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery defect reconstruction. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2017; 78 (01) 59-62
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Soudry E, Psaltis AJ, Lee KH, Vaezafshar R, Nayak JV, Hwang PH. Complications associated with the pedicled nasoseptal flap for skull base reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2015; 125 (01) 80-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Stapleton AL, Tyler-Kabara EC, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, Wang EW. Risk factors for cerebrospinal fluid leak in pediatric patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 93: 163-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Tabaee A, Anand VK, Brown SM, Lin JW, Schwartz TH. Algorithm for reconstruction after endoscopic pituitary and skull base surgery. Laryngoscope 2007; 117 (07) 1133-1137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Tewfik MA, Valdes CJ, Zeitouni A, Sirhan D, Di Maio S. The endoscopic hemi-transseptal approach to the sella turcica: operative technique and case-control study. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2014; 75 (06) 415-420
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Thawani JP, Ramayya AG, Pisapia JM, Abdullah KG, Lee JY-K, Grady MS. Operative strategies to minimize complications following resection of pituitary macroadenomas. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2017; 78 (02) 184-190
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Theys T, Van Hoylandt A, Broeckx CE. et al. Plasma-rich fibrin in neurosurgery: a feasibility study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018; 160 (08) 1497-1503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Thomas R, Chacko AG. Principles in skull base reconstruction following expanded endoscopic approaches. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2016; 77 (04) 358-363
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Upadhyay S, Buohliqah L, Dolci RLL, Otto BA, Prevedello DM, Carrau RL. Periodic olfactory assessment in patients undergoing skull base surgery with preservation of the olfactory strip. Laryngoscope 2017; 127 (09) 1970-1975
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Wang YY, Kearney T, Gnanalingham KK. Low-grade CSF leaks in endoscopic trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery: efficacy of a simple and fully synthetic repair with a hydrogel sealant. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153 (04) 815-822
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Ye Y, Wang F, Zhou T, Luo Y. Low complication rate of sellar reconstruction by artificial dura mater during endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96 (52) e9422
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Yildirim AE, Dursun E, Ozdol C. et al. Using an autologous fibrin sealant in the preventing of cerebrospinal fluid leak with large skull base defect following endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Turk Neurosurg 2013; 23 (06) 736-741
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Zanation AM, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH. et al. Nasoseptal flap reconstruction of high flow intraoperative cerebral spinal fluid leaks during endoscopic skull base surgery. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009; 23 (05) 518-521
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Zanation AM, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH. et al. Nasoseptal flap takedown and reuse in revision endoscopic skull base reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2011; 121 (01) 42-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Zhang C, Ding X, Lu Y, Hu L, Hu G. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea following transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma: experience in a Chinese centre. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2017; 37 (04) 303-307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Zhang C, Yang N, Mu L. et al. The application of nasoseptal “rescue” flap technique in endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma resection. Neurosurg Rev 2020; 43 (01) 259-263
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Zhou Q, Yang Z, Wang X. et al. Risk factors and management of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks in endoscopic treatment of pituitary adenoma: analysis of 492 patients. World Neurosurg 2017; 101: 390-395
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar