Keywords
conjunctivitis - triage - ocular manifestations - filtering face piece - Aarogya Setu
app
Introduction
The world is facing an unprecedented challenge due to the Coronavirus crisis. In lines
with other medical specialties, ophthalmic care has also undergone substantial modifications
to tackle the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.[1] In this brief review, we will be enumerating various changes which are imperative
to be undertaken in these times and beyond. One of the initial alarms over COVID-19
was raised by a Chinese ophthalmologist, Li Wenliang, MD, who died after acquiring
the virus from his own asymptomatic glaucoma clinic patient.[2]
[3] Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is found
in tears and conjunctival secretions (as evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase
chain reaction [RT-PCR] in studies), ophthalmologists and optometrists, especially
those on the frontlines, triaging patients may be susceptible to contract the infection;
also, this is partly due to the close proximity the ophthalmic evaluation generally
requires.[4]
Ocular Manifestations of COVID-19
Ocular Manifestations of COVID-19
Ophthalmic manifestations of COVID-19, although seen infrequently, should not be overlooked,
and a high-index of suspicion should always be maintained as the occurrence of ocular
transmission cannot be ignored.[5] The majority of symptoms and signs include conjunctivitis/conjunctival congestion
or hyperemia, follicles on the palpebral conjunctiva, increased tearing, photophobia,
and preauricular lymphadenopathy. Nine out of 1099 patients (0.8%) from 30 states
in China had conjunctival congestion.[6] As much as 31.6% of 38 Coronavirus patients in Hubei, China, reported conjunctival
hyperemia, chemosis and epiphora as the main symptoms.[7] However, only 16.7% of those affected had Coronavirus detected from both conjunctival
and nasopharyngeal swabs.[7] In the study by Xia et al, one patient had conjunctivitis and was also the only
one to demonstrate Coronavirus in conjunctival swab by RT-PCR.[8] Another patient showed bilateral follicular conjunctivitis 13 days after the onset
of the viral illness and had positive RT-PCR from the conjunctiva, which remained
positive till 17 days from the onset of the illness.[9] A typical clinical presentations of the novel Coronavirus can occur, as was seen
in five patients with nonresolving conjunctivitis, which was the only manifestation
of the disease without any fever, cough or malaise.[10] In one case report, keratoconjunctivitis (subepithelial infiltrates with overlying
epithelial defects) was the first clinical presentation in a COVID-19 patient.[11] Another 27-year-old patient presented with unilateral lid edema and conjunctival
hyperemia which turned out to be COVID-19 with the manifestation of severe breathlessness
later.[12] A 63-year-old man had pseudomembranous and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis associated
with COVID-19 pneumonia which started as late as the 17th day of disease onset.[13]
Although ocular symptoms have relatively low-prevalence among COVID-19-infected patients,
they have been shown to be associated with the disease severity amongst COVID-19 positive
patients.[14]
Triage Protocols for Outpatient Department
Triage Protocols for Outpatient Department
Health care services are overwhelmed by this novel disease due to its extraordinary
incidence of transmission, elevated susceptibility of the common man, advanced morbidity
and mortality as compared with the influenza virus. Despite nationwide lockdowns,
it has been difficult to contain this virus.[10] So proper triage, as well as the screening of patients, is essential.
Entry points of the ophthalmology department ([Fig. 1A]) building need to be minimized, so that efficient monitoring of these points can
be done with the limited resources. The entrance door should be kept open to avoid
touching the knobs ([Fig. 1C]). The health care worker guarding the entrance should ask each patient about their
travel history in the past 2 weeks(keeping in mind the incubation period of 1–14 days),[15] history of contact with a COVID-19 positive patient or suspect, history of travel
from a hotspot,[16] history of symptoms like fever, malaise, cough, breathlessness and diarrhea, and
lack of smell/taste. Fever should be assessed using noncontact thermal scanners. No
attendants or children should be allowed accompanying the patient. Provision of taking
throat swabs of suspected patients should be installed at the entrance ([Fig. 1B]). RT-PCR results are usually obtained after 8 to 10 hours. In suspected cases requiring
emergency surgery, for example, penetrating eye injuries, facilities of GeneXpert
system can be employed which gives test results in approximately 2 hours. Only one
attendant may be allowed for dependent individuals. A mask should be provided to the
patient if he or she is not already wearing one. After hand sterilization using hand
sanitizers, the patient should be allowed entry in the building. A COVID-19 declaration
and consent form[17] should be signed by the patient using no-touch protocols.[18] The health care worker should avoid touching the patient’s documents and papers.
The magazines and newspaper stands should be temporarily removed as they are potential
fomites.
Fig. 1 (A) Single entry point of the ophthalmology department with thermal scanning and hand
sanitizing of patients; (B) Provision of taking throat swabs of suspected patients installed with the facility
of exchange of gloves after every patient; (C) Entrance door kept open to avoid touching the knobs; (D) Alternate chairs blocked with tape to maintain social distancing.
Social distancing of at least 1 to 1.5 m should be maintained in queues, and chairs
should be blocked alternatively using bright-colored or contrast-colored tape ([Fig. 1D]). Appointments should be staggered by approximately 15 minutes, and it should be
conveyed to the patients using short messaging service (SMS) or electronic mail (e-mail).
Repeat appointments should be spaced out over 2 to 4 weeks if possible. Teleophthalmology
and teleconsultations should be encouraged.[12] Card or online payment should be preferred. Noncontact cash handling should be done
using prongs. “Aarogya Setu app” (an application developed by the Government of India
for tracking contacts of COVID-19 patient) installation, as mandated by the Government
of India, should be checked. Lifts should be sanitized, and plastic cling film can
be applied over the control buttons for the purpose of easy sanitization. Awareness
posters should be put all around and at the entrance of the hospital ([Fig. 2A]
[E]).[19]
Fig. 2 (A–E) Awareness posters fixed at the entrance of the Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate
Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, in the English and
Hindi languages along with rotational displays on the television screen.
For air conditioning, windows/split air conditioners should be preferred with temperature
and humidity settings as per norms. Central air conditioning supplying air through
air handling units should be advised to run on maximum fresh air possible, and other
standard recommendations should be followed. Exhaust fans should be installed to avoid
recirculation of the air and create negative pressure, and their air should be ideally
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered.[20] Windows, if present, should be kept open. Breath shields made of plastic or old
discarded X-rays should be fixed to slit lamps ([Fig. 3B]) and indirect ophthalmoscopes. Cotton buds should be used for lid eversions. Refractions
and pupillary dilatations for fundus evaluation should be avoided. Near vision charts,
Amsler grids, and keyboards should be kept covered with plastic cling films to ensure
easy sanitization. Noncontact air-puff tonometry should not be done since it is an
aerosol-generating procedure.[16]
[17] Contact applanation tonometers can be used for recording intraocular pressures after
which the tonometer tip can be washed with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
and then air-dried before using on the next patient. Since Coronavirus is present
in tears,[21] and 30% of affected individuals are asymptomatic,[22] eye protection in the form of goggles or face shields along with filtering face-piece
(FFP)-1/FFP-2 mask and gloves are imperative for all eye care providers ([Fig. 3A]). For examining a suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patient, full personal protective
equipment (PPE) like N-95 mask, face shield, goggles, gloves, gowns, and shoe covers
are required. Patients examined on the slit lamp must also mandatorily wear 3-ply
face masks ([Fig. 3C]).
Fig. 3 (A) Eye care provider wearing a mask and protective goggles for examining patients on
the slit lamp; (B) Breath shields made of clear plastic or old discarded X-rays fixed at the slit lamp;
(C) Patients examined on the slit lamp mandatorily wearing a 3-ply facemask.
Operation Theater Protocols
Operation Theater Protocols
In Wuhan, the most common emergency ophthalmic procedures included trabeculectomies/cataract
surgeries for intraocular pressure control, emergency pars plana vitrectomies, suture
removals, and treatment of preterm infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Ocular
trauma was far less common because of people remaining mostly indoors.[23]
In the operation theater, donning and doffing should be done using sterile precautions.
All staff should be trained to don, doff and in the disposal of PPE including masks
(level 2 or 3 FFP, depending on the aerosol-generating risk level), eye goggles, long-sleeved
waterproof gloves, gowns, caps, and shoe covers in dealing with suspected/confirmed
COVID-19 cases.[24] For all other cases, it should be as per norms. A supervisor should be earmarked
to help the eye care professionals and nursing staff carry out these procedures efficiently.
Separate shortest routes must exist for suspected/ infected COVID-19 individuals.
The COVID-19 operating area should be kept separate and preferably near the entrance
of the theater complex. Operation theater doors must be kept closed after the entry
of the patient, and the eye care personnel involved must leave only after the procedure
is over. All clinical records should be kept outside the operating room.[13] Negative pressure should be maintained in the operation theaters.[25] A minimum of 12 exchanges of air/hour should be mandatory in the operation theaters
to decrease the viral load.[20] After every patient, cleaning of the operating room, table, microscope and machines
should be done. A minimal number of residents and staff should be allowed when the
surgery is going on. Refractive surgeries should be avoided, especially involving
microkeratome use and laser ablation, as they lead to aerosol generation. Phacoemulsification
is also an aerosol-generating procedure and should be avoided except in cases of children
in the amblyogenic period with unilateral cataract or adults with lens-related glaucoma
or uveitis which requires immediate lens extraction or in cases of traumatic cataract.[17] Nasal endoscopy should also be avoided as it may promote sneezing, which is aerosol-generating.[26] Intravitreal injections should be given on a treat-and-extend basis, and Amsler
charts and smartphone apps should be used for monitoring decline in vision.[27]
Staff Management
Biometric system of attendance should be suspended, and manual marking of attendance
can be done. Staff should best staggered and called in 33 to 50% of total strength.
Nursing and sanitation staff should be allowed to attend duty in nonformal clothes
rather than uniforms to enable daily washing of clothes. Rings/bangles and watches
use is to be discouraged. Hand-bag usage should also be discouraged. Loose-fitting,
long-length garments should be avoided and well-fitted clothes should be preferred.
Hand hygiene etiquette should be strictly followed using povidone–iodine, combination
of chlorhexidine and cetrimide or alcohol-based rubs.[19] Staggered mealtimes should be adopted, and distanced seating at canteen’s needs
to be followed. The health care workers’ interaction with patients or colleagues should
be kept to a minimum.[27] Disinfection of all surfaces and instruments should be performed using 70% isopropyl
alcohol, freshly prepared 1% sodium hypochlorite/1% bacillocid.[17] There should be a mindful utilization of financial and human resources. Preservation
of human and material resources are of paramount importance for the health care sector
in the current scenario. Stressors related to the physical, mental and social well-being
of ophthalmologists and other eye care staff from the patients, as well as personal
safety concerns, should be addressed promptly. The morale of the staff should be kept
high, and heightened vigilance is utmost in these testing times and beyond.
Conclusion
The ophthalmologist may be the first point of contact to evaluate COVID-19 patients,
considering conjunctivitis as the initial clinical presentation. Stringent safety
practices should be pursued, and triaging should be done for the most vulnerable patients,
so that the best possible care can be provided to them with the utmost safety of the
eye care professionals.
