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DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400516
Pelvic Bone Deformity and Its Correlation with Acetabular Center-edge Angle[*]
Article in several languages: português | EnglishEndereço para correspondência
Publication History
30 November 2018
22 January 2019
Publication Date:
28 January 2020 (online)
Abstract
Objective The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the pelvic bone deformities and its correlation with the acetabular center-edge (CE) angle.
Methods Between August 2014 and April 2015, we prospectively evaluated patients aged between 20 and 60 years old. The exclusion criteria were: metabolic disease, previous hip or spine surgery, radiograph showing hip arthrosis ≥ Tönnis two, severe hip dysplasia, global acetabular overcoverage, acetabular crossover sign, hip deformities from slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) or Leg-Perthes-Calveé, and bad quality radiographs. At anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs, we have evaluated: the CE angle, the acetabular index (IA), the acetabular crossover sign, the vertical and horizontal superior and inferior pelvic axis (H1: Horizontal line 1, superior pelvic axis; H2: Horizontal line 2, superior pelvic axis; V1: Vertical line, superior pelvic axis; HR: Horizontal line, inferior pelvic axis; VR: Vertical line, inferior pelvic axis). The superior and inferior pelvic axis were considered asymmetric when there was a difference ≥ 5 mm between both sides. Patients were divided into two groups: control and group 1.
Results A total of 228 patients (456 hips) were evaluated in the period. According to the established criteria, 93 patients were included. The mean age was 39.9 years old (20 to 60 years old, standard deviation [SD] = 10,5), and the mean CE angle in the right hip was 31.5° (20 o to 40°), and in the left 32.3° (20 o to 40°). The control group had 38 patients, with asymmetric H1 in 4 cases (10.5%), H2 in 5 (13.1%), V1 in 7 (18.4%), HR in 5 (13.1%) and VR in 1 (2.63%). Group 1 had 55 patients, with asymmetric H1 in 24 cases (43.6%), H2 in 50 (90.9%), V1 in 28 (50.9%), HR in 16 (29.09%) and VR in 8 (14.5%). Comparing both groups, there was statistical significance for H1, H2 and V1 asymmetry (p < 0.001).
Conclusion In the present paper, we observed the correlation between variation in the acetabular CE angle and asymmetry of the superior hemipelvis. The present authors believe that a better understanding of the pelvic morphologic alterations allows a greater facility in the diagnosis of hip articular deformities.
#
Introduction
There is growing evidence in the literature of the association of changes in the morphology of the hip bone and the development of symptoms, as well as the possibility of evolution to chondral joint degeneration. These changes may be related to the femur, the acetabulum, or both.[1] On the acetabular side, frequent morphological alterations include overcoverage (Pincer femoroacetabular impingement [FAI]) and coverage deficiency (developmental dysplasia of the hip [DDH]).[2] [3]
Acetabular overcoverage can be global or focal. Global overcoverage is defined by anteroposterior (AP) pelvis radiography of the center-edge angle (CE)[4] > 40° associated with excess femoral head coverage by the anterior and posterior wall of the acetabulum.[5] Focal overcoverage is defined by the presence of acetabular retroversion, which is a morphological change in which there is structural deviation of the acetabulum in the sagittal plane towards the posterolateral direction. Radiographically, acetabular retroversion is represented by the presence of the sign of the intersection of the acetabular lines.[3] [6] [7] Both changes have been associated with the dynamic impact between the acetabular edge and the femoral head-neck transition, which may result in acetabular lesions of the posteroinferior cartilage and lip, as well as pain.[8]
In acetabular coverage deficiency, a reduced contact area between the femoral head and the acetabulum generates excessive shear force at the acetabular chondrolabral junction, which may lead to the emergence of symptoms and chondral degeneration in the long run. This deficiency is most commonly anterosuperior in the acetabulum, and the diagnosis of DDH is made when the CE angle[4] is < 25° on pelvic AP radiography.[4] [9]
Some authors have proposed that hip development disorders not only affect the proximal femur and the acetabulum, as evidenced by pathologies such as FAI and DDH, but throughout the pelvis.[1] [10] However, there is no consensus on which pelvic bone deformities correlate with acetabular morphological changes. We believe that pelvic bone structural changes and acetabular abnormalities are not isolated findings but are instead part of a continuum of structural changes in pelvic development.
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the pelvic bone deformity and its correlation with the CE angle.
#
Materials and Methods
A prospective case-control study was conducted between August 2014 and April 2015. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, and all of the participants signed the informed consent form.
Participants were invited to the study voluntarily. Inclusion criteria were consecutive patients aged 20 to 60 years old. The exclusion criteria were: metabolic disease, previous hip or spine surgery, radiograph showing hip arthrosis ≥ Tönnis two, severe DDH (CE angle < 20°),[4] [9] global acetabular overcoverage (CE angle > 40° and/or acetabular index [AI] < zero°),[5] sign of acetabular lines intersection (suggesting acetabular retroversion), CE angle asymmetry < 5°, hip deformities from slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) or Leg-Perthes-Calveé, and bad quality radiographs.[11]
The selected patients underwent pelvic radiography at AP incidence with their feet at 15° of internal rotation, with the tube 120 cm away from the film, and with the radius directed to the center point between the upper edge of the pubic symphysis and a horizontal line connecting both anterosuperior iliac spines. The distance between the coccyx and the pubic symphysis, besides its alignment, were factors considered to evaluate the quality of the radiographs.[11]
The following radiographic studies were evaluated in both hemipelves: CE angle, AI, sign of intersection of acetabular lines, measurement of horizontal and vertical axis of upper hemipelvis (iliac wings - H1, H2 and V1), measurement of the horizontal and vertical axis of the lower hemipelvis (ischium and ilium pubic branches - HR and VR). The definition of the method for measuring the pelvic axes is exemplified in [Figure 1].
The measurements of the axis of hemipelves (H1, H2, V1, HR and VR) were considered asymmetrical when, in comparing a hemipelvis in relation to its contralateral side, a difference > 5 mm was found.
The selected patients were separated into two groups: control and group 1.
The control group included patients whose hips had a CE angle with a difference of < 5°, with no sign of acetabular line intersection. Group 1 included patients with CE angle asymmetry ≥ 5°, comparing one hip to the contralateral side, with no sign of acetabular line intersection.
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between CE angle variation and pelvic bone deformity (H1, H2, V1, HR and/or VR asymmetry), comparing both groups.
The hypothesis is that the presence of CE angle variation correlates with the upper hemipelvis asymmetry (suggesting rotational change of the upper hemipelvis).
To assess homogeneity between the groups, the chi-squared test was applied for age, gender, CE angle and AI. The Fisher exact test was used to analyze the intergroup qualitative variables (H1, H2, V1, HR and VR). In the present study, differences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. The software PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA) was used in the statistical analysis. A total of 50 radiographs were randomly selected to measure the κ coefficient. Two authors, Roos B. D. and Lima E. M. U., evaluated the radiographs at different times, with an interobserver agreement of 0.72.
#
Results
The total number of patients evaluated during the period was 228 (456 hips). According to the established criteria, 93 patients were included in the present study, 49 males and 44 females. The excluded patients are represented in [Table 1]. The average age was 39.9 years old (ranging from 20 to 60 years old, standard deviation [SD] = 10.52), the mean right hip CE angle was 31.5° (ranging from 20° to 40°, SD = 5.30) and the left was 32.3° (ranging from 20° to 40°, SD = 5.11). The mean AI was 5.14 (ranging from 0 to 10, SD = 2.97) in the right hip and 5.17 (ranging from 0 to 10, SD = 3.09) in the left hip.
Exclusion Criteria |
Excluded |
---|---|
Previous hip or spine surgery |
6 |
Arthrosis ≥ Tönnis 2 |
12 |
Severe DDH |
8 |
Global acetabular overcoverage |
14 |
Sign of intersection of acetabular lines |
60 |
Asymmetry of CE angle 1° or 2° |
11 |
Asymmetry of CE angle + unilateral acetabular retroversion |
9 |
SCFE or Legg-Perthes-Calveé |
3 |
Radiography without adequate quality |
12 |
Total |
135 |
There were 38 patients included in the control group, with mean axes measurements of H1, H2, V1, HR and VR presented in [Table 2]. Regarding H1, asymmetric measurement was found in 4 cases (10.5%), 5 cases in H2 (13.1%), 7 cases in V1 (18.4%), 5 cases in HR (13.1%), and 1 case in VR (2.63%).
Groups |
H1 R |
H1 L |
H2 R |
H2 L |
V1 R |
V1 L |
HR R |
HR L |
VR R |
VR L |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control |
1 |
71 |
71 |
94 |
93 |
101 |
102 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
68 |
2 |
57 |
65 |
91 |
92 |
92 |
91 |
96 |
92 |
55 |
51 |
|
3 |
55 |
58 |
85 |
87 |
103 |
100 |
90 |
88 |
80 |
79 |
|
4 |
51 |
52 |
86 |
89 |
95 |
98 |
93 |
91 |
58 |
57 |
|
5 |
43 |
43 |
90 |
80 |
115 |
115 |
80 |
88 |
55 |
55 |
|
6 |
49 |
49 |
97 |
98 |
112 |
112 |
90 |
90 |
57 |
57 |
|
7 |
66 |
67 |
88 |
88 |
110 |
110 |
76 |
76 |
68 |
69 |
|
8 |
55 |
61 |
92 |
100 |
126 |
124 |
91 |
100 |
66 |
68 |
|
9 |
50 |
50 |
111 |
113 |
134 |
134 |
83 |
84 |
60 |
60 |
|
10 |
73 |
75 |
108 |
106 |
133 |
131 |
91 |
91 |
65 |
67 |
|
11 |
88 |
88 |
106 |
106 |
131 |
139 |
81 |
90 |
77 |
77 |
|
12 |
64 |
62 |
100 |
99 |
131 |
133 |
85 |
85 |
53 |
53 |
|
13 |
72 |
72 |
102 |
100 |
126 |
121 |
76 |
78 |
88 |
90 |
|
13 |
58 |
60 |
105 |
105 |
137 |
137 |
90 |
88 |
51 |
53 |
|
15 |
57 |
60 |
110 |
115 |
105 |
107 |
87 |
85 |
75 |
73 |
|
16 |
55 |
57 |
85 |
87 |
133 |
134 |
85 |
83 |
52 |
50 |
|
17 |
78 |
78 |
108 |
109 |
132 |
127 |
91 |
90 |
69 |
67 |
|
18 |
62 |
60 |
126 |
124 |
137 |
143 |
88 |
87 |
60 |
61 |
|
19 |
72 |
70 |
100 |
100 |
142 |
142 |
80 |
82 |
80 |
80 |
|
20 |
57 |
55 |
105 |
105 |
151 |
141 |
96 |
97 |
59 |
59 |
|
21 |
60 |
60 |
103 |
102 |
112 |
112 |
84 |
82 |
77 |
76 |
|
22 |
58 |
59 |
94 |
92 |
110 |
110 |
94 |
86 |
67 |
66 |
|
23 |
56 |
56 |
98 |
97 |
97 |
98 |
89 |
89 |
77 |
77 |
|
24 |
51 |
53 |
102 |
101 |
110 |
110 |
98 |
98 |
78 |
78 |
|
25 |
50 |
50 |
98 |
98 |
111 |
112 |
89 |
91 |
57 |
56 |
|
26 |
56 |
57 |
88 |
88 |
110 |
110 |
76 |
76 |
69 |
69 |
|
27 |
65 |
68 |
86 |
88 |
104 |
101 |
89 |
88 |
81 |
80 |
|
28 |
50 |
52 |
87 |
90 |
95 |
97 |
93 |
93 |
58 |
56 |
|
29 |
50 |
50 |
112 |
113 |
134 |
134 |
83 |
83 |
60 |
61 |
|
30 |
64 |
65 |
108 |
108 |
132 |
131 |
90 |
89 |
66 |
67 |
|
31 |
64 |
63 |
99 |
98 |
132 |
133 |
85 |
86 |
54 |
53 |
|
32 |
58 |
60 |
105 |
105 |
137 |
137 |
82 |
84 |
53 |
54 |
|
33 |
55 |
57 |
85 |
86 |
130 |
131 |
85 |
85 |
52 |
51 |
|
34 |
82 |
82 |
100 |
100 |
140 |
138 |
81 |
82 |
77 |
77 |
|
35 |
56 |
55 |
103 |
102 |
112 |
112 |
82 |
80 |
76 |
76 |
|
36 |
55 |
54 |
99 |
100 |
97 |
96 |
90 |
90 |
77 |
77 |
|
37 |
63 |
64 |
102 |
101 |
107 |
109 |
95 |
95 |
75 |
75 |
|
38 |
80 |
80 |
100 |
99 |
140 |
142 |
80 |
80 |
82 |
82 |
|
Mean |
60.68 |
61.53 |
99.05 |
119.89 |
119.84 |
86.34 |
86.55 |
66.61 |
66.45 |
98.89 |
|
Standard Deviation |
10.212 |
10.01 |
9.291 |
16.256 |
16.045 |
6.671 |
6.5 |
10.612 |
10.84 |
9.282 |
In group 1, 55 patients were included. The average axis measurements of H1, H2, V1, HR and VR are presented in [Table 3]. Regarding H1, asymmetric measurement was found in 24 cases (43.6%), 50 cases in H2 (90.9%), 28 cases in V1 (50.9%), 16 cases in HR (29.09%), and 8 cases in VR (14.5%) ([Figure 2]).
Groups |
H1 R |
H1 L |
H2 R |
H2 L |
V1 R |
V1 L |
HR R |
HR L |
VR R |
VR L |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetabular inclination |
1 |
45 |
45 |
90 |
80 |
100 |
99 |
105 |
105 |
68 |
66 |
2 |
84 |
81 |
90 |
92 |
170 |
170 |
76 |
76 |
72 |
70 |
|
3 |
60 |
50 |
110 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
80 |
80 |
72 |
74 |
|
4 |
50 |
45 |
100 |
94 |
100 |
105 |
96 |
96 |
64 |
63 |
|
5 |
62 |
62 |
107 |
100 |
113 |
115 |
87 |
87 |
72 |
72 |
|
6 |
55 |
50 |
104 |
100 |
102 |
104 |
88 |
88 |
77 |
75 |
|
7 |
53 |
58 |
72 |
89 |
105 |
109 |
75 |
73 |
63 |
70 |
|
8 |
60 |
54 |
92 |
86 |
112 |
110 |
88 |
86 |
67 |
66 |
|
9 |
56 |
57 |
110 |
117 |
110 |
115 |
97 |
107 |
64 |
62 |
|
10 |
50 |
50 |
90 |
98 |
100 |
100 |
70 |
74 |
67 |
65 |
|
11 |
73 |
64 |
107 |
97 |
112 |
112 |
69 |
70 |
65 |
65 |
|
12 |
57 |
51 |
92 |
93 |
107 |
107 |
80 |
79 |
70 |
68 |
|
13 |
50 |
58 |
92 |
97 |
128 |
123 |
90 |
92 |
47 |
47 |
|
13 |
82 |
73 |
114 |
110 |
134 |
139 |
93 |
90 |
77 |
77 |
|
15 |
69 |
69 |
120 |
124 |
138 |
143 |
90 |
80 |
84 |
75 |
|
16 |
55 |
60 |
118 |
128 |
146 |
145 |
88 |
87 |
52 |
50 |
|
17 |
52 |
58 |
76 |
80 |
127 |
124 |
89 |
89 |
59 |
59 |
|
18 |
70 |
70 |
112 |
119 |
135 |
138 |
90 |
90 |
58 |
60 |
|
19 |
55 |
48 |
115 |
100 |
128 |
108 |
85 |
83 |
40 |
42 |
|
20 |
67 |
83 |
116 |
120 |
136 |
136 |
75 |
66 |
55 |
53 |
|
21 |
61 |
62 |
118 |
109 |
135 |
143 |
85 |
75 |
87 |
72 |
|
22 |
51 |
40 |
85 |
92 |
124 |
127 |
83 |
86 |
57 |
57 |
|
23 |
49 |
49 |
148 |
123 |
144 |
146 |
95 |
93 |
60 |
60 |
|
24 |
80 |
82 |
104 |
97 |
119 |
120 |
73 |
75 |
85 |
83 |
|
25 |
47 |
46 |
82 |
88 |
118 |
116 |
86 |
84 |
57 |
55 |
|
26 |
53 |
53 |
101 |
96 |
109 |
132 |
82 |
84 |
75 |
73 |
|
27 |
69 |
69 |
102 |
98 |
138 |
129 |
92 |
90 |
60 |
58 |
|
28 |
62 |
60 |
95 |
94 |
134 |
135 |
95 |
94 |
62 |
61 |
|
29 |
42 |
42 |
94 |
102 |
144 |
149 |
102 |
95 |
72 |
67 |
|
30 |
55 |
55 |
98 |
90 |
145 |
153 |
94 |
92 |
85 |
84 |
|
31 |
60 |
60 |
75 |
81 |
113 |
112 |
82 |
83 |
85 |
73 |
|
32 |
62 |
55 |
104 |
94 |
98 |
104 |
70 |
62 |
66 |
64 |
|
33 |
57 |
61 |
102 |
108 |
108 |
104 |
86 |
88 |
77 |
77 |
|
34 |
60 |
61 |
96 |
102 |
102 |
102 |
68 |
68 |
72 |
72 |
|
35 |
44 |
44 |
83 |
91 |
97 |
97 |
77 |
76 |
65 |
65 |
|
36 |
72 |
72 |
119 |
124 |
137 |
143 |
90 |
82 |
83 |
81 |
|
37 |
55 |
61 |
120 |
128 |
145 |
145 |
87 |
87 |
51 |
45 |
|
38 |
52 |
59 |
75 |
80 |
127 |
123 |
89 |
89 |
72 |
71 |
|
39 |
67 |
67 |
113 |
119 |
135 |
139 |
92 |
90 |
58 |
60 |
|
40 |
56 |
48 |
110 |
100 |
128 |
108 |
85 |
83 |
41 |
42 |
|
41 |
66 |
83 |
116 |
121 |
136 |
136 |
71 |
67 |
54 |
44 |
|
42 |
61 |
63 |
117 |
109 |
136 |
143 |
85 |
76 |
74 |
72 |
|
43 |
51 |
41 |
86 |
92 |
124 |
127 |
82 |
86 |
60 |
60 |
|
44 |
49 |
48 |
140 |
123 |
144 |
144 |
95 |
95 |
58 |
58 |
|
45 |
80 |
82 |
104 |
96 |
119 |
121 |
73 |
74 |
85 |
83 |
|
46 |
48 |
46 |
82 |
89 |
118 |
116 |
87 |
84 |
55 |
58 |
|
47 |
54 |
53 |
101 |
95 |
109 |
132 |
82 |
84 |
74 |
73 |
|
48 |
70 |
69 |
102 |
98 |
138 |
129 |
92 |
91 |
59 |
58 |
|
49 |
44 |
42 |
94 |
101 |
143 |
149 |
98 |
92 |
65 |
66 |
|
50 |
50 |
50 |
98 |
89 |
145 |
153 |
94 |
93 |
70 |
69 |
|
51 |
60 |
61 |
76 |
81 |
113 |
113 |
83 |
83 |
75 |
73 |
|
52 |
62 |
55 |
104 |
93 |
98 |
104 |
70 |
62 |
62 |
61 |
|
53 |
57 |
62 |
101 |
108 |
108 |
104 |
86 |
86 |
72 |
72 |
|
54 |
61 |
61 |
96 |
101 |
103 |
103 |
68 |
66 |
60 |
63 |
|
55 |
45 |
44 |
83 |
92 |
97 |
96 |
77 |
77 |
60 |
59 |
|
Mean |
58.49 |
58.04 |
100.51 |
122.44 |
123.62 |
84.85 |
83.45 |
66.8 |
64.29 |
100.93 |
|
Standard Deviation |
10.011 |
11.41 |
13.179 |
17.359 |
18.27 |
9.093 |
9.867 |
11.453 |
10.544 |
15.608 |
The groups were considered homogeneous, since they did not differ in relation to gender, age, CE angle and AI (p = 0.086). In the comparison between the control group and group 1 ([Table 4]), a statistically significant difference was observed for the asymmetry of the measurements in H1 (p < 0.001), H2 (p < 0.001) and V1 (p = 0.005). For the measures HR and VR, no statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.082; p = 0.077).
H1 |
H2 |
V1 |
VR |
HR |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asymmetry |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
Total |
Inclination |
24 |
31 |
50 |
5 |
28 |
27 |
0 |
0 |
16 |
39 |
55 |
Acetabular |
85.70% |
47.70% |
90.90% |
13.20% |
77.80% |
47.40% |
0.00% |
0.00% |
76.20% |
54.20% |
59.10% |
Control |
4 |
34 |
5 |
33 |
8 |
30 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
33 |
38 |
14.30% |
52.30% |
9.10% |
86.80% |
12.20% |
52.60% |
0.00% |
0.00% |
13.80% |
45.80% |
40.90% |
|
Total |
28 |
65 |
55 |
38 |
36 |
57 |
0 |
0 |
21 |
69 |
88 |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
|
Significance |
p = 0.001 |
p < 0.001 |
p = 0.005 |
p = 000 |
p = 0.82 |
#
Discussion
There is growing evidence in the literature of the association of bone morphological changes in the hip region and the development of symptoms, as well as the possibility of evolution to joint chondral degeneration. These changes may be related to the femur, the acetabulum, or both.[1] Considering the acetabulum, as frequent morphological alterations we can find the overcoverage (FAI) and poor coverage (DDH).[2] [3]
Some authors have proposed that hip development disorders not only affect the proximal femur and the acetabulum, as evidenced by pathologies such as FAI and DDH, but throughout the pelvis.[1] [10] However, there is no consensus on which pelvic bone deformities correlate with acetabular morphological changes. We believe that a better understanding of these dysmorphisms may lead to easier diagnosis of hip joint pathologies.
Fujii et al[12] performed a study evaluating the axial plane rotational alignment of the iliac bone in CT scans of patients with DDH, and questioned whether rotational deformity was present in the DDH; whether rotation angles were correlated with acetabular version and inclination; and whether the rotation angles were correlated with the acetabulum deficiency region. The results showed that the internal rotation (IR) of the upper third of the hemipelvis (from upper part of the iliac bone to the anterior inferior iliac spine [AIIS]) correlates with the diagnosis of DDH.[12] Iliac bone IR in patients with DDH was also observed by authors as Kumeta et al[13] and Suzuki,[14] and it is believed that, with this deformity, the acetabulum tends to rotate anterosuperiorly, resulting in decreased anterosuperior coverage and increased posterior coverage.
Also, Fujii et al[12] correlated external rotation of the lower third of the hemipelvis (between the iliac bone and the ischiopubic branch) with acetabular retroversion in patients with DDH. This finding is corroborated by Kalberer et al.,[15] who observed the prominence of the ischial spine in patients with acetabular retroversion.
These observations suggest that pelvic bone structural changes and acetabular abnormalities are not isolated findings, but are instead part of a continuum of structural developmental changes.
In our study, correlation between CE angle variation and upper hemipelvis asymmetry was found. Like Fujii et al,[13] we can see that upper hemipelvis dysmorphisms, resulting from bone development disorders, may influence acetabular morphology. However, we sought to analyze these findings in a group of patients without severe DDH (CE angle < 20°).
To our knowledge, this is the first study that seeks to establish correlations between pelvic dysmorphisms and variation of the CE angle, in the 90th percentile, for the CE angle of the general population (20-40°).[16]
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Conclusion
In the present study, a correlation between CE angle variation and upper hemipelvis asymmetry was found. These findings suggest that upper hemipelves dysmorphism due to bone development disorders may influence acetabular morphology.
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Conflito de Interesses
Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.
* Study conducted at the Hip Group of the Hospital Ortopédico de Passo Fundo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
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Referências
- 1 Gosvig KK, Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Palm H, Troelsen A. Prevalence of malformations of the hip joint and their relationship to sex, groin pain, and risk of osteoarthritis: a population-based survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (05) 1162-1169
- 2 Agricola R, Heijboer MP, Roze RH. , et al. Pincer deformity does not lead to osteoarthritis of the hip whereas acetabular dysplasia does: acetabular coverage and development of osteoarthritis in a nationwide prospective cohort study (CHECK). Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21 (10) 1514-1521
- 3 Reynolds D, Lucas J, Klaue K. Retroversion of the acetabulum. A cause of hip pain. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999; 81 (02) 281-288
- 4 Cooperman D. What is the evidence to support acetabular dysplasia as a cause of osteoarthritis?. J Pediatr Orthop 2013; 33 (Suppl. 01) S2-S7
- 5 Tannast M, Siebenrock KA, Anderson SE. Femoroacetabular impingement: radiographic diagnosis--what the radiologist should know. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188 (06) 1540-1552
- 6 Dora C, Leunig M, Beck M, Simovitch R, Ganz R. Acetabular dome retroversion: radiological appearance, incidence and relevance. Hip Int 2006; 16 (03) 215-222
- 7 Jamali AA, Mladenov K, Meyer DC. , et al. Anteroposterior pelvic radiographs to assess acetabular retroversion: high validity of the “cross-over-sign”. J Orthop Res 2007; 25 (06) 758-765
- 8 Murphy RJ, Subhawong TK, Chhabra A, Carrino JA, Armand M, Hungerford M. A quantitative method to assess focal acetabular overcoverage resulting from pincer deformity using CT data. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469 (10) 2846-2854
- 9 Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S. Hip dysplasia: a significant risk factor for the development of hip osteoarthritis. A cross-sectional survey. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44 (02) 211-218
- 10 Albiñana J, Morcuende JA, Delgado E, Weinstein SL. Radiologic pelvic asymmetry in unilateral late-diagnosed developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 1995; 15 (06) 753-762
- 11 Clohisy JC, Carlisle JC, Beaulé PE. , et al. A systematic approach to the plain radiographic evaluation of the young adult hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (Suppl. 04) 47-66
- 12 Kumeta H, Funayama K, Miyagi S. , et al. Inward wing ilium of adult hip dysplasia a characteristic cross sectional pelvic anatomy visualized by CT. Rinsho Seikeigeka. 1986; 21 (01) 67-75
- 13 Fujii M, Nakashima Y, Sato T, Akiyama M, Iwamoto Y. Pelvic deformity influences acetabular version and coverage in hip dysplasia. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469 (06) 1735-1742
- 14 Suzuki S. Deformity of the pelvis in developmental dysplasia of the hip: three-dimensional evaluation by means of magnetic resonance image. J Pediatr Orthop 1995; 15 (06) 812-816
- 15 Kalberer F, Sierra RJ, Madan SS, Ganz R, Leunig M. Ischial spine projection into the pelvis : a new sign for acetabular retroversion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466 (03) 677-683
- 16 Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Søballe K, Gebuhr P, Lund B. Hip dysplasia and osteoarthrosis: a survey of 4151 subjects from the Osteoarthrosis Substudy of the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Acta Orthop 2005; 76 (02) 149-158
Endereço para correspondência
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Referências
- 1 Gosvig KK, Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Palm H, Troelsen A. Prevalence of malformations of the hip joint and their relationship to sex, groin pain, and risk of osteoarthritis: a population-based survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (05) 1162-1169
- 2 Agricola R, Heijboer MP, Roze RH. , et al. Pincer deformity does not lead to osteoarthritis of the hip whereas acetabular dysplasia does: acetabular coverage and development of osteoarthritis in a nationwide prospective cohort study (CHECK). Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21 (10) 1514-1521
- 3 Reynolds D, Lucas J, Klaue K. Retroversion of the acetabulum. A cause of hip pain. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999; 81 (02) 281-288
- 4 Cooperman D. What is the evidence to support acetabular dysplasia as a cause of osteoarthritis?. J Pediatr Orthop 2013; 33 (Suppl. 01) S2-S7
- 5 Tannast M, Siebenrock KA, Anderson SE. Femoroacetabular impingement: radiographic diagnosis--what the radiologist should know. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188 (06) 1540-1552
- 6 Dora C, Leunig M, Beck M, Simovitch R, Ganz R. Acetabular dome retroversion: radiological appearance, incidence and relevance. Hip Int 2006; 16 (03) 215-222
- 7 Jamali AA, Mladenov K, Meyer DC. , et al. Anteroposterior pelvic radiographs to assess acetabular retroversion: high validity of the “cross-over-sign”. J Orthop Res 2007; 25 (06) 758-765
- 8 Murphy RJ, Subhawong TK, Chhabra A, Carrino JA, Armand M, Hungerford M. A quantitative method to assess focal acetabular overcoverage resulting from pincer deformity using CT data. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469 (10) 2846-2854
- 9 Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S. Hip dysplasia: a significant risk factor for the development of hip osteoarthritis. A cross-sectional survey. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44 (02) 211-218
- 10 Albiñana J, Morcuende JA, Delgado E, Weinstein SL. Radiologic pelvic asymmetry in unilateral late-diagnosed developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 1995; 15 (06) 753-762
- 11 Clohisy JC, Carlisle JC, Beaulé PE. , et al. A systematic approach to the plain radiographic evaluation of the young adult hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (Suppl. 04) 47-66
- 12 Kumeta H, Funayama K, Miyagi S. , et al. Inward wing ilium of adult hip dysplasia a characteristic cross sectional pelvic anatomy visualized by CT. Rinsho Seikeigeka. 1986; 21 (01) 67-75
- 13 Fujii M, Nakashima Y, Sato T, Akiyama M, Iwamoto Y. Pelvic deformity influences acetabular version and coverage in hip dysplasia. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469 (06) 1735-1742
- 14 Suzuki S. Deformity of the pelvis in developmental dysplasia of the hip: three-dimensional evaluation by means of magnetic resonance image. J Pediatr Orthop 1995; 15 (06) 812-816
- 15 Kalberer F, Sierra RJ, Madan SS, Ganz R, Leunig M. Ischial spine projection into the pelvis : a new sign for acetabular retroversion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466 (03) 677-683
- 16 Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Søballe K, Gebuhr P, Lund B. Hip dysplasia and osteoarthrosis: a survey of 4151 subjects from the Osteoarthrosis Substudy of the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Acta Orthop 2005; 76 (02) 149-158