Belohnung und das Opioidsystem

Zusammenfassung

Die Aussicht auf Belohnung ist eine fundamentale Motivation menschlichen Verhaltens und beeinflusst eine Vielzahl neurokognitiver Funktionen wie zielgerichtetes Verhalten und Lernen. Motivationales Verhalten wird im mesolimbischem Belohnungssystem maßgeblich durch den Neurotransmitter Dopamin moduliert. Eine Vielzahl tierexperimenteller und humaner Untersuchungen belegen jedoch eine Interaktion zwischen dem dopaminergen Belohnungssystem und Opioidsystem. Hinsichtlich der opioidergen Modulation des dopaminergen Belohnungssystems sind neben μ-Opioidrezeptoren und dopaminergen Neurone, auch GABAerge und glutamaterge Mechanismen relevant. In diesem Artikel sollen grundlegende Mechanismen der Interaktion zwischen dem Opioid- und dopaminergen Belohnungssystem vorgestellt werden. Das Verständnis dieser Interaktionen ist nicht nur in grundlagenwissenschaftlicher, sondern auch in klinischer Hinsicht relevant und soll am Beispiel des Opioidrezeptorantagonisten Naltrexon als medikamentöse Rückfallprophylaxe beim Alkoholabhängigkeitssyndrom und anhand der Verhaltenseffekte auf die Verarbeitung primärer Verstärker wie Nahrung dargestellt werden.

Summary

The prospect of reward is a fundamental motivation of human behaviour and modulates various neurocognitive functions such as goal-directed behaviour and learning. The underlying neural correlates of motivational behaviour have been consistently demonstrated within the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system. However, animal and human studies revealed a considerable interaction between the dopaminergic reward and the opioid system. Here, μ-opioid-receptor activation, dopamine, but also GABAergic and glutamatergic mechanisms contribute to the interplay between these two neural systems. In this article, we provide an overview on basic mechanisms regarding the interaction between the opioid and the dopaminergic reward system. To elucidate the detailed mechanism of this interaction is not only relevant for the neuroscientific research, it has also clinical implications and should be demonstrated by the opioid-antagonist naltrexone and its use as anticraving medication in alcohol dependency, but also by its behavioural effects on the processing of primary rewards such as food.

Schlüsselwörter

Opioidsystem - Dopaminsystem - Area tegmentalis ventralis - Naltrexon

Keywords

Opioid system - dopamine system - ventral tegmental area - Naltrexone

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