Wirkungen inflammatorischer Zytokine auf Affekt und Kognition

Zusammenfassung

Die Stimulation des unspezifischen Immunsystems führt bei Versuchstieren zu einer komplexen Verhaltensänderung, für die sich die Bezeichnung »sickness behaviour« eingebürgert hat. Hierzu gehören Anhedonie, Reduktion motorischer und sexueller Aktivität, verminderte Nahrungsaufnahme, gestörter Schlaf und kognitive Defizite. Inflammatorische Zytokine spielen in der Vermittlung dieser Verhaltensänderungen eine zentrale Rolle. Auch bei therapeutischer Anwendung von Zytokinen, zum Beispiel von Interferonen, kommt es zu ähnlichen Symptomen; es werden sogar behandlungsbedürftige depressive Erkrankungen und Suizidhandlungen beobachtet. In Studien an gesunden Probanden konnten mittels experimenteller Stimulation des Immunsystems Veränderungen des Affektes, kognitive Defizite und Störungen des Schlaf-Wach-Verhaltens induziert werden, die denen bei depressiven Erkrankungen ähneln. Experimentelle Immunstimulation scheint somit ein geeignetes Modell zur Erforschung der Neurobiologie der Depression zu sein, wobei es insbesondere zum Verständnis solcher depressiver Störungen beitragen kann, die bei Erkrankungen mit vermehrter Zytokinfreisetzung auftreten. Hierzu zählen neben Infektionserkrankungen auch Autoimmunerkrankungen, Krebserkrankungen, die koronare Herzerkrankung und die Adipositas.

Summary

Experimental stimulation of the innate immune response system in animals causes complex behavioral changes, which usually are called “sickness behaviour”. It consists in anhedonia, reduced motor activity, sexual activity and food intake, disturbed sleep and cognitive deficits. Inflammatory cytokines seem to play a central role in the regulation of these behavioral changes. Also during therapeutic use of cytokines as for example the treatment with interferons comparable symptoms occur, sometimes even major depression and suicidal behaviour have been observed. In experiments in healthy humans acute immune stimulation caused changes in mood, cognitive deficits and changes in sleep/wake behaviour, which at least partly were comparable to depressive symptomatology. Thus, experimental immune stimulation might be a powerful tool for future research on the neurobiology of depression, especially with respect to such depressive disorders occuring in diseases which are associated with increased cytokine release as for example infectious or autoimmune diseases, cancer, coronary heart disease or adipositas.

Schlüsselwörter

Endotoxin - Hormone - Stress - Depression

Keywords

Endotoxin - hormones - stress - depression

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