Canine demodicosis

D. Meyer; R. S. Mueller

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1622666

Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere, Table of Contents

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2008; 36(02): 91-98
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1622666

Hund/Katze

Schattauer GmbH

Die Demodikose des Hundes

Canine demodicosis

D. Meyer

¹Medizinische Kleintierklinik (Leitung: Prof. Dr. K. Hartmann) der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

,

R. S. Mueller

¹Medizinische Kleintierklinik (Leitung: Prof. Dr. K. Hartmann) der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Zusammenfassung:

Die Demodikose des Hundes ist eine relativ häufige Hauterkrankung des Hundes, verursacht durch eine übermäßige Vermehrung der obligat in der Haut des Hundes lebenden Demodex-Milben. Bei rechtzeitiger und richtiger Diagnosestellung gibt es wirksame Behandlungsmethoden. Durch unzureichende Therapie hingegen kann sich die generalisierte Demodikose zu einer lebensbedrohlichen Krankheit entwickeln. Für eine erfolgreiche Therapie ist zunächst eine gesicherte Diagnose anhand von tiefen Hautgeschabseln Voraussetzung. Medikamente der Wahl gegen die Demodikose sind in Deutschland momentan Moxidectin und Amitraz, nach Umwidmung auch Ivermectin oder Milbemycinoxim. Neben Behandlung der DemodexMilben ist eine Behandlung und Kontrolle möglicher bakterieller Sekundärinfektionen wichtig. Diese werden entweder mit empirischer Antibiotikatherapie oder nach bakteriologischer Untersuchung und Antibiotikaresistenztest behandelt. Auch regelmäßige Kontrolluntersuchungen sind ausschlaggebend für den Behandlungserfolg. Eine Therapiedauer von vier bis acht Wochen nach mikroskopischer und klinischer Remission minimiert die Rezidivgefahr. Dieser Artikel liefert dem praktischen Tierarzt einen Überblick über Pathogenese, Klinik, Diagnose und die aktuellen Therapiemöglichkeiten der kaninen generalisierten Demodikose.

Summary

Generalized canine demodicosis is a common skin disease in small animal practice. It is caused by a proliferation of Demodex mites in the skin. Diagnosis is made by deep skin scrapings or trichograms. If the diagnosis is missed or treatment is ineffective, generalized canine demodicosis can develop into a severe life-threatening disease. Drugs registered for the treatment of generalised canine demodicosis in Germany are moxidectin and amitraz. Ivermectin or milbemycin oxime are efficaceous off-label therapies. In addition to miticidal treatment, antimicrobial therapy to control secondary infections is essential and may be empirical or based on culture and sensitivity testing. Regular examinations are needed to monitor patients. A sufficient length of treatment until four to eight weeks after microscopic and clinical cure will minimise the chance of recurrence. This article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment options of generalised canine demodicosis.

Schlüsselwörter

Demodikose - Hund - Amitraz - Moxidectin - Ivermectin - Milbemycinoxim

Key words

Demodicosis - dog - amitraz - moxidectin - ivermectin - milbemycin oxime

Full Text

References

Literatur
1 Beco L, Fontaine J, Bergvall K, Favrot C. Comparison of skin scrapes and hair plucks for detecting Demodex mites in canine demodicosis, a multi - centre, prospective study. Proc 22nd Annual Congress of the ESVD/ECVD, Mainz 2007; 110
2 Bensignor E, Carlotti D. Moxidectin in the treatment of generalized demodicosis in dogs: a pilot study: 8 cases In: Advances in Veterinary Dermatology. Kwochka KW, Willemse T, Von Tscharner C. eds Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1998: 554-555.
3 Bettenay SV, Mueller RS. Skin scrapings and skin biopsies In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC. eds Philadelphia: Saunders; 2005: 388-391.
4 Bissonnette S, Paradis M, Daneau I, Silversides D. Survey of the MDR1 gene for heterozygous mutations in dogs displaying subchronic toxicity signs to systemic macrocyclic lactones follwing treatment regimen for a genera - lized demodicosis. Proc 22nd NAVDF, Kauai 2007; 198
5 Burrows A. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of two different doses of moxidectin in the treatment of generalized demodicosis in the dog. Proc Science Meeting ACVSc, Sydney 1997
6 Bussieras J, Chermette R. Amitraz and canine demodicosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1986; 22: 779-782.
7 Farmer H, Seawright AA. The use of amitraz (N1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)- N-[((2,4-dimethylphenyl)imino)-methyl]-N-methylmethanimidamide) in demodicosis in dogs. Austral Vet J 1980; 56: 537-541.
8 Gaafer S, Greeve J. Natural transmission of Demodex canis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1966; 148: 1043
9 Garfield RA, Reedy LM. The use of oral milbemycin oxime (Interceptor) in the treatment of chronic generalized canine demodicosis. Vet Dermatol 1992; 3: 231-235.
10 Guaguere E. Traitement de la demodecie generalisée du chien par l’ivermectine: á propos de 20 cas. Prat Med Chir Anim Comp 1996; 31: 33-40.
11 Hamann F, Wedell H, Bauer J. Zur Demodikose des Hundes. Kleintierprax 1997; 42: 745-754.
12 Heine J, Krieger K, Dumont P, Hellmann K. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of imidacloprid 10% plus moxidectin 2.5% spot-on in the treatment of generalized demodicosis in dogs: results of a European field study. Parasitol Res 2005; 97 (Suppl. 01) 89-96.
13 Holm B. Efficacy of milbemycin oxime in the treatment of canine genera - lized demodicosis: a retrospective study of 99 dogs (1995-2000). Vet Dermatol 2004; 15: 369-376.
14 Hugnet C, Bruchon-Hugnet C, Royer H, Bourdoiseau G. Efficacy of 1.25% amitraz solution in the treatment of generalized demodicosis (eight cases) and sarcoptic mange (five cases) in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2001; 12: 89-92.
15 Hugnet C, Buronfosse F, Pineau X, Cadore JL, Lorgue G, Berny PJ. Toxi - city and kinetics of amitraz in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57: 1506-1510.
16 Huisinga M, Reinacher M. Immunhistologischer Nachweis von MHC-IIAntigenen in Hautproben mit kaniner Demodikose. Tierärztl Prax 2005; 33 (K) 341-346.
17 Kwochka KW, Kunkle GA, Foil CO. The efficacy of amitraz for generalized demodicosis in dogs: a study of two concentrations and frequencies of application. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 1985; 7: 8-17.
18 Lemarie SL, Horohov DW. Evaluation of interleukin-2 production and interleukin- 2 receptor expression in dogs with generalized demodicosis. Vet Dermatol 1996; 7: 213-219.
19 Lemarie SL, Hosgood G, Foil CS. A retrospective study of juvenile- and adult-onset generalized demodicosis in dogs (1986-91). Vet Dermatol 1996; 7: 3-10.
20 Medleau L, Willemse T. Efficacy of daily amitraz therapy for refractory, generalized demodicosis in dogs: two independent studies. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1995; 31: 246-249.
21 Miller WH, Scott DW, Cayatte SM, Buerger RG, Bagladi MS. Clinical efficacy of increased dosages of milbemycin oxime for treatment of generalized demodicosis in adult dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207: 1581-1584.
22 Mueller RS. Dermatologie Made Easy – Das Handbuch für die Kleintierpraxis. Babenhausen: Beate Egner Vet Verlag; 2000: 58-68.
23 Mueller RS. Topical dermatological therapy In: Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology. Maddison JE, Page SW, Church D. eds London: Saunders; 2002: 535-545.
24 Mueller RS. Treatment protocols for demodicosis: An evidence-based review. Vet Dermatol 2004; 15: 75-89.
25 Mueller RS, Bettenay SV. Milbemycin oxime in the treatment of canine demodicosis. Aust Vet Pract 1995; 25: 122-126.
26 Mueller RS, Bettenay SV. A proposed new therapeutic protocol for the treatment of canine mange with ivermectin. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1999; 35: 77-80.
27 Mueller RS, Hastie K, Bettenay SV. Daily oral ivermectin for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in 23 dogs. Aust Vet Pract 1999; 29: 132-136.
28 Muller GH. Amitraz treatment of demodicosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1983; 19: 435-441.
29 Paul AJ, Hutchens DE, Firkins LD, Borgstrom M. Dermal safety study with imidacloprid/moxidectin topical solution in the ivermectin-sensitive collie. Vet Parasitol 2004; 121: 285-291.
30 Paul AJ, Tranquilli WJ, Seward RL, Todd Jr. KS, DiPietro JA. Clinical observations in Collies given ivermectin orally. Am J Vet Res 1987; 48: 684-685.
31 Roulet A, Puel O, Gesta S. et al. MDR1-deficient genotype in Collie dogs hypersensitive to the P-glycoprotein substrate ivermectin. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 460: 85-91.
32 Sasaki Y, Kitagawa H, Murase S, Ishihara K. Susceptibility of rough-coated Collies to milbemycin oxime. Jap J Vet Sci 1990; 52: 1269-1271.
33 Scott DW, Farrow BRH, Schultz RD. Studies on the therapeutic and immunologic aspects of generalized demodectic mange in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1974; 10: 233-244.
34 Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Small Animal Dermatology, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders 2001; 457-474.
35 Sushma C, Khahra SS, Nauriyal DC, Chhabra S. Efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin in treatment of ectoparasitic infestation in dogs. Ind J Vet Med 2001; 21: 91-92.
36 Tranquilli WJ, Paul AJ, Todd Jr KS. Assessment of toxicosis induced by high-dose administration of milbemycin oxime in Collies. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52: 1170-1172.
37 Wagner R, Wendlberger U. Field efficacy of moxidectin in dogs and rabbits naturally infested with Sarcoptes spp., Demodex spp. and Psoroptes spp. mites. Vet Parasitol 2000; 93: 149-158.