Anatomical Variations in Patients with Ménière Disease: A Tomography Study

Keywords

Ménière disease - temporal bone - x-ray computed tomography

Introduction

Ménière disease (MD) is a chronic disease affecting the inner ear. It was first described, in 1861, by Prosper Ménière, and it is broadly characterized by intermittent episodes of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness.[1] [2]

Data concerning the incidence and prevalence of MD are scarce and uncertain.[3] Prevalence estimates ranges from 10 to 150 per 100,000 individuals.[4] Most of the studies suggest a slight preponderance of the disease among women (1.3 women per each affected man).[5] Ménière disease also seems more frequent among adults in their fourth or fifth decades of life and positive family history is extremely common.[6] [7]

The diagnosis of Ménière disease remains eminently clinical.[8] Its clinical presentation is widely variable. Many patients present with audiological symptoms, some have mostly vestibular complaints and others show a combination of audiovestibular manifestations.[9] Bilateral involvement might be seen in 10–50% of the patients, leading to a difficult-to-treat condition with more disabling symptoms and unfavorable prognosis.[10] In 2015, the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society, the Japan Society for Equilibrium Research, the European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (EAONO), the Equilibrium Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) and the Korean Balance Society jointly revised the diagnostic criteria and established a new classification for MD.([Table 1])[11] These criteria remain as the main diagnostic tool for MD in clinical practice.

Table 1 Diagnosis criteria and classification of Ménière disease according to the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society, the Japan Society for Equilibrium Research, the European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (EAONO), the Equilibrium Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) and the Korean Balance Society[11]

DIAGNOSIS CRITERIA FOR MÉNIÈRE DISEASE
Definite Ménière disease:  • Two or more spontaneous vertigo episodes, each of them lasting from 20 minutes to 12 hours.  • Audiometrically documented low- to medium- frequency sensorineural hearing loss in one ear, defining the affected ear on at least one occasion before, during or after one of the episodes of vertigo.  • Fluctuating aural symptoms (hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness) in the affected ear  • Not better accounted for by another vestibular diagnosis
Probable Ménière disease:  • Two or more spontaneous vertigo episodes, each of them lasting from 20 minutes to 12 hours.  • Fluctuating aural symptoms (hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness) in the affected ear  • Not better accounted for by another vestibular diagnosis

However, some authors report that evidences of endolymphatic hydrops, obtained in particular complementary investigation methods with growing sensibility and specificity, might be helpful in patients with MD in its early stage or those with mild and non-specific symptoms.

The possibility of clinical implications of the anatomical variations of the temporal bone among patients with MD has been targeted in some studies. Recent technological advances, unique special resolution and wide availability have made high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bone the main imaging modality in otology.[12] High resolution computed tomography is capable of detecting anatomical correlations between the structures of the inner ear, including surrounding vascular components. As a result, it can define, with high sensibility and specificity rates, anatomical variations which, among patients with MD, might serve as clinical markers that could underpin the diagnosis of this condition or play a role in its pathophysiology.

No radiological sign is deemed specific for MD. Previous studies have shown higher prevalence of some anatomical variations in the temporal bones of affected individuals, although they vary significantly in terms of the variables evaluated, the radiological method employed and the stratification of the sample. Yet, there are few researches including patients with bilateral MD.

This present study aims to identify anatomical variations of the temporal bone which might be associated with unilateral and/or bilateral MD.

Methods

This is a case-control study. All included participants (n = 37) attended ambulatories of otoneurology in a public tertiary hospital and a specialized clinic in Curitiba, Brazil, and underwent a computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone as a complementary evaluation. For the study, each ear was considered separately (n _final= 74). Hence, a case group (group A, n _A = 33) consisted of the affected ears of patients with clinical diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral MD, according to the new criteria proposed by international societies in 2015, which includes, by definition, suggestive and audiometrically documented hearing loss. A control group (group B, n _B = 41) included the ears of individuals attending the same clinics, although without criteria for either probable or definite MD and presenting a normal audiometry, as well as the contralateral ears of the patients with unilateral MD included in the case group. Patients under 18 years of age or with history of inflammatory otitis media, temporal bone neoplasm or trauma, congenital ear anomalies or previous otologic surgery were excluded from the sample. All included participants signed a free and informed consent form. The project was approved and registered by the Institutional Ethics Committee (CAAE number, 54235316.9.0000.0096).

The tomographic images were obtained in a matrix of 512 × 512 pixels, in high resolution, between 2014 and 2016. The HRCT scans provided volumetric images in the axial plane, which were transferred to a workstation for post-processing. These data were reformatted in the axial and coronal planes using specific software, yielding images with 1 mm section thickness on each side individually.

Clinical and epidemiological data were collected from the participants and their images were assessed by a single radiologist specialized in temporal bone evaluation, without previous knowledge of their clinical history or physical examination. Anatomical aspects regarding region-specific temporal bone pneumatization, the jugular bulb and the positioning and structure of the cochlear and vestibular aqueducts were systematically analyzed. ([Table 2], [Fig. 1])

Fig. 1 Computed axial tomography images showing anatomical variations of the temporal bone: (A) High jugular bulb, above the level of the tympanic annulus (arrow); (B) Jugular bulb diverticulum (arrow); (C) Contact between the jugular bulb and the vestibular aqueduct (arrow); (D) Asymmetric pneumatization of the retrolabyrinthine space, deemed increased on the right (D1) and decreased on the left side (D2) (arrow). Source: the author.

Table 2 Variables individually investigated in each ear of this study's sample

Anatomical Aspect	Categories/Unity of Measurement for the Variable
Categorical Variables
Height of the jugular bulb considering the basal turn of the cochlea	High or normal
Presence of any of the major anatomical variations of the jugular bulb: diverticulum, dehiscence to the middle ear or otic capsule, contact with cochlear or vestibular aqueducts	Present or absent
Position of the aperture opening of the vestibular aqueduct	Above or below the basal turn of the cochlea
Individualization of the cochlear aqueduct	More or less than half of its extension
Pneumatization of the retrolabyrinthine space	Absent/decreased or increased
Pneumatization of the supralabyrinthine space	Absent/decreased or increased
Pneumatization of the infralabyrinthine space	Absent/decreased or increased
Pneumatization of the petrous apex	Absent/decreased or increased
Continuous Variables
Anteroposterior diameter of the jugular bulb	In millimeters (mm)
Transverse diameter of the jugular bulb	In millimeters (mm)
Size of the vestibular aqueduct (if visible)	In millimeters (mm))
Inclination angle between the vestibular aqueduct and the vestibule	In grades (o)

The results from the case and control groups were confronted. A secondary assessment of the case group was performed after its stratification into two subgroups: one (A1, n _A1 = 13) composed by the affected ears of patients with unilateral MD and another by the ears of those with bilateral disease (A2, n _A2 = 20). The control group was also divided into two subgroups, which had their data compared as well: one (B1, n _B1 = 13) formed by asymptomatic contralateral ears of individuals with unilateral MD and another (B2, n _B2 = 28) consisting of individuals without MD and normal audiometric evaluation. ([Fig. 2]). Results from subgroups A1 and B1 were also confronted.

Fig. 2 Study flow chart.

The Pearson chi-square and Fisher exact tests were employed to evaluate categorical variables. Continuous variables were assessed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Significance level was set at 0.05.

Results

There was no statistical difference between the study groups in terms of age or sex (p > 0.05, data not shown).

The comparison between the results from the case (A) and control (B) groups is summarized in [Fig. 3]. There was a significant correlation between MD in only one of the variables assessed: capacity of individualization of the vestibular aqueduct (VA). Among patients with MD, this structure was observed less frequently (p = 0.01; Fisher exact test).

Fig. 3 Values (p) for each assessed variable resultant from comparative statistical analysis between the main study groups, case (A) and control (B). Significance level: p-value < 0.05.

[Table 3] shows the statistical significance level obtained when analyzing subgroups A1 and A2, which were composed by the affected ears of patients with unilateral and bilateral MD, respectively. None of the variables was significantly associated with the occurrence of bilateral disease (p < 0.05).

Table 3 A summary of statistical data (p-value) obtained for each variable after assessing both case subgroups. Comparison between data of affected ears from patients with unilateral disease (subgroup A1) and those of individuals with bilateral disease (subgroup A2)

Variable	p-value
Presence of high jugular bulb	0.41 (χ2)
Anteroposterior diameter of the jugular bulb	0.41 (WCX)
Transverse diameter of the jugular bulb	0.17 (WCX)
Overall incidence of major variations of the jugular bulb	0.63 (Fisher)
Rate of visualization of the vestibular aqueduct	0.13 (Fisher)
Size of the vestibular aqueduct (if visible)	1.0 (WCX)
Position of the aperture opening of the vestibular aqueduct	1.0 (Fisher)
Inclination angle between the vestibular aqueduct and the vestibule	0.57 (WCX)
Grade of visualization of the cochlear aqueduct	1.0 (Fisher)
Pneumatization of the infralabyrinthine space	0.73 (Fisher)
Pneumatization of the retrolabyrinthine space	0.21 (Fisher)
Pneumatization of the supralabyrinthine space	1.0 (Fisher)
Pneumatization of the petrous apex	1.0 (Fisher)

Abbreviations: Fisher, Fisher exact test; WCX, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; χ²: chi-square test.

Significance level: p-value < 0.05.

The results from the statistical analysis between subgroups consisting of the affected (A1) and healthy contralateral (B1) ears of patients with MD are provided in [Table 4]. Similarly, there was no significant difference for any of the variables investigated.

Table 4 A summary of statistical data (p-value) obtained for each variable when comparing the results of affected ears from patients with unilateral Ménière disease (subgroup A1) and those of the contralateral ears of these individuals. (subgroup B1)

Variable	p-value
Presence of high jugular bulb	1.0 (χ2)
Anteroposterior diameter of the jugular bulb	0.82 (WCX)
Transverse diameter of the jugular bulb	0.45 (WCX)
Overall incidence of major variations of the jugular bulb	0.66 (Fisher)
Rate of visualization of the vestibular aqueduct	1.0 (Fisher)
Size of the vestibular aqueduct (if visible)	0.48 (WCX)
Position of the aperture opening of the vestibular aqueduct	1.0 (Fisher)
Inclination angle between the vestibular aqueduct and the vestibule	0.96 (WCX)
Grade of visualization of the cochlear aqueduct	1.0 (Fisher)
Pneumatization of the infralabyrinthine space	0.69 (Fisher)
Pneumatization of the retrolabyrinthine space	1.0 (Fisher)
Pneumatization of the supralabyrinthine space	1.0 (Fisher)
Pneumatization of the petrous apex	1.0 (Fisher)

Abbreviations: Fisher: Fisher exact test; WCX: Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; χ²: chi-square test.

Significance level: p-value < 0.05.

[Fig. 4] reports statistical data regarding the results when comparing the control subgroups (B1 and B2). There was a trend toward lower angulation between the vestibular aqueduct and the vestibule in the contralateral ears of patients with unilateral disease, when compared with the ears of individuals without MD (p = 0.11). Nonetheless, none of the variables reached statistical significance (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4 Results obtained after stratifying the control group: p-value associated with each variable, when comparing the results from the contralateral ears of patients with unilateral MD (subgroup B1) and those from individuals without the disease (subgroup B2). Significance level: p-value < 0.05.

Discussion

One previous study has suggested that the sigmoid sinus could be placed significantly more anteriorly and medially in patients with MD. The authors hypothesized that the anomalous position of the vessel could generate compression of the endolymphatic sac and, therefore, hydrops.[13]

The jugular bulb consists of a dilation of the internal jugular vein and is located at the posterior part of the jugular foramen. When enlarged, it might be responsible for audiovestibular symptoms.[14] Variations in its size and location are common and might occur due to malformations in the surrounding bony structure or in the intracranial venous system itself or secondary to lack of pneumatization of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. If the jugular bulb is located superiorly to the inferior surface of the tympanic annulus in the middle ear, at the level of the basal cochlear turn or less than 2 mm from the inner auditory channel, it is classified as a high jugular bulb (HJB).[15] [16] Most of the previous studies that aimed to evaluate HJB have shown limitations, such as emphasis on its incidence or small samples.[17] Radiological and post-mortem studies of the temporal bone report a prevalence of HJB ranging from 3–24% of the population, although this variation might not be clinically apparent.[15] [17] [18] [19] Jugular bulb abnormalities have also been implied in a various range of cochleovestibular symptoms, depending on the impact on the surrounding structures. The jugular bulb might erode into the middle ear or into the cochlear or vestibular aqueducts. Hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus have also been attributed to high and dehiscent jugular bulbs, as well as to the compressive effects of HJB on the endolymphatic sac.[18] [20] A recent German retrospective controlled study has shown a significantly higher prevalence of jugular bulb abnormalities among patients with MD. The authors concluded that the temporal bone in these individuals might be constitutionally different and carry predisposing factors for the development of clinically overt MD.[21] Redfern et al have also described higher prevalence of abnormalities of the jugular bulb in patients with MD, when compared with the general population.[22] In the present study, differences in the prevalence of HJB or major jugular bulb abnormalities among affected ears have not been found.

Ikeda e Sando have shown in a study with post-mortem temporal bones that patients with MD have smaller tube-shaped endolymphatic ducts, in contrast with normal subjects, whose ducts were bigger and funnel-shaped.[23] Welling et al reported that, in MD, the identification of the endolymphatic duct on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be significantly less frequent compared with controls. In this study, the authors also compared the measurements of the temporal bone in the region of the endolymphatic duct and found smaller dimensions among affected individuals.[24] By using a systematic approach to the evaluation of CT scans, Alvarenga et al achieved identification rates of the vestibular aqueduct superior to 90% among both ears of patients with unilateral MD. The rates did not differ statistically from those of control individuals.[25] In the present study, among affected ears, there was a significantly greater number of CT scans in which the vestibular aqueduct could not be individualized (p = 0.01). However, considering only the exams in which this structure was identified, the absolute measurements did not differ from those of the control arm. No statistically significant difference between the study groups was obtained regarding either the position of the internal aperture or the inclination of the vestibular aqueduct. Rates of identification of the cochlear aqueduct were also similar. As to the assessment of pneumatization of different portions of the temporal bone, a trend to reduced (p = 0.07, Pearson chi-square test) pneumatization of the retrolabyrinthine space was observed among subjects with MD, although this result could not be deemed statistically significant. No difference was demonstrated in the pneumatization of the petrous apex, infralabyrinthine and supralabyrinthine spaces.

Previous functional studies have shown the presence of abnormal findings in the contralateral ears of patients with unilateral MD.[26] [27] These findings have been corroborated by histopathologic studies, which have identified significantly more damage in the contralateral inner ears of patients with MD compared with those of normal controls.[28] The incidence of functional contralateral involvement and development of clinically apparent bilateral MD increases linearly, so that after 30 years of follow-up, up to 50% of the patients have bilateral disease.[29] Increasing evidence of endolymphatic hydrops in asymptomatic contralateral ears might suggest that MD is a systemic disease.[30] [31] Hence, the recurrent findings in the literature of abnormal anatomical features among both affected and contralateral ears in comparison to normal controls might indicate that MD has a complex pathophysiology, in which the anatomical component might be a marker of disease progression or a contributing factor. Accordingly, the previous existence or the development during follow-up of certain anatomical abnormalities in the asymptomatic contralateral ear could predispose the patient to the progression to bilateral disease, with an unfavorable prognosis. Karatas et al studied the size and width of the endolymphatic duct and the presence of jugular bulb abnormalities in the CT scans of patients with unilateral MD. In this study, the measurements for the endolymphatic duct were reported to be smaller and the prevalence of abnormalities of the jugular bulb was higher among MD patients when compared with healthy controls. However, for none of the variables, there was a significant difference between the results of affected and contralateral non-affected ears.[32] Hall et al also described lower periaqueductal pneumatization rates in the CT scans of patients with MD. Similarly, in this study, the results from the contralateral ears did not differ from those of the affected ears.[33] Using MRI and CT to evaluate the cochlear aqueduct, Park et al found similar bony dimensions among the affected ears of patients with MD when compared with a control group, although fluid length within this structure was significantly decreased among case subjects. These findings could not be reproduced when comparing the affected and non-affected ears of patients with MD.[34]

In this work, no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of any anatomical variations was observed when comparing the affected ears of individuals with unilateral MD with those of patients with bilateral MD. Thus, the anatomical factor, if important in MD's pathophysiology and/or diagnosis approach, might contribute independently of the existence of involvement of both ears. There was no difference when comparing the results from the affected and the contralateral non-affected ears of patients with unilateral MD and from these contralateral non-affected ears with the ears of healthy controls. This finding would indicate that the contralateral ears did not differ from the affected ears or from the ears of healthy subjects. Longitudinal and cohort studies might determine more precisely the meaning of these results, as the possibility of progression of unilateral MD to bilateral disease is well known. Thereby, it would be necessary to better stratify contralateral ears longitudinally and check the occurrence of dynamic alterations in the anatomical findings reported according to the progression of the disease. As a result, it might be possible to establish the role of the anatomical variations as markers of disease progression or risk factors for the development of bilateral MD, in case of significant identification of these variations, late or precociously in the follow-up of contralateral ears that would become affected over time. Experimental and histopathological studies might define more clearly the existence of pathophysiological links between anatomical factors and the incidence of MD, which remain elusive.

Conclusion

Some anatomical variations of the temporal bone might be more frequently found in routine CT scans from affected ears of patients with MD, such as the lower rates of individualization of the vestibular aqueduct. Nonetheless, according to the literature,[25] the use of the imaging study of the vestibular aqueduct as a supportive diagnostic tool and the role of correlated anatomical variations in the development of MD remain a controversial issue. Longitudinal controlled studies including patients with anatomical variations possibly related to MD might be important to observe if they develop the disease more frequently over time.

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