Self-Assessment Questions

This section provides a review. Mark each statement on the Answer Sheet according to the factual materials contained in this issue and the opinions of the authors.

Article One (pp. 153–159)

1. According to research from Lin et al and Cruickshanks et al, the prevalence of hearing loss in adults age 80 and over is

   • 40 to 50%

   • 50 to 60%

   • 60 to 70%

   • 70 to 80%

   • 80 to 90%

2. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has a goal to encourage

   • active patient participation in health care decision-making

   • nursing education regarding amplification devices

   • minimal patient-physician communication during hospital visits

   • inclusion of pure tone hearing tests for all newly admitted older inpatients

   • personal amplifiers at the bedside for all hospital beds

3. In older adults, the most frequent complication of hospitalization is

   • skin infection

   • accidental falls

   • incident delirium

   • increased pulse

   • low blood pressure

4. Nationally, the standard hospital protocol for hearing screening on all newly admitted older patients consists of

   • pure tone audiometry on admission

   • bedside pure tone audiometry during the nursing physical assessment

   • “whisper test” on admission

   • there is no standard protocol for hearing screening on older hospitalized adults

   • Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly—Screening Version

5. The majority of studies looking at the prevalence of hearing loss in older adults are based on measures or responses from

   • older adults in nursing homes

   • community-dwelling older adults

   • hospitalized older adults

   • family members of older adults

   • older adults seeking hearing health care

   Article Two (pp. 160–168)

6. Which of the following describes a barrier to effective patient-provider communication?

   • Noisy rooms and machinery

   • Unfamiliar terminology

   • Providers with foreign accents

   • Lack of lipreading cues due to face masks

   • All of the above

7. When a patient has been identified in the post-trauma clinic as someone with untreated hearing loss, what recommendations do they receive?

   • Purchase hearing aids from the posttrauma clinic team

   • Pursue further audiologic evaluation after the day of their post-trauma clinic appointment

   • Use communication strategies on the day of their post-trauma clinic to enhance communication

   • A and B

   • B and C

8. What percentage of Americans age 50 years old or older with hearing loss wear hearing aids?

   • 5%

   • 14%

   • 42%

   • 60%

   • 95%

9. Who pays for the noncustom amplifiers provided to inpatients at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center hospitals?

   • The audiology department

   • The hospital system

   • The patient

   • The patient's insurance

   • The cost is split between the patient and their insurance

10. How does the use of an amplifier for a patient with hearing loss in the emergency department setting impact communication?

    • Removes barriers to communication

    • Leads to more accurate exchange of information

    • Results in greater satisfaction with care

    • Improves patient safety

    • All of the above

    Article Three (pp. 169–176)

11. How do communication problems affect health care?

    • Poor adherence to treatment recommendations

    • More likely to experience a preventable adverse event

    • Higher levels of dissatisfaction

    • Higher medical expenditures

    • All of the above

12. Which specialty is not represented on the post-trauma clinic team?

    • Physical therapy

    • Speech-language pathology

    • Pharmacy

    • Nutrition

    • Occupational therapy

13. What percentage of patients over the age of 65 passed the hearing screening in the post-trauma clinic?

    • 5%

    • 11%

    • 18%

    • 25%

    • 32%

14. Which of these has not been identified as a factor that affects adherence to treatment recommendations?

    • Cognitive factors

    • Severity of injury

    • Interpersonal factors

    • Patient involvement

    • Patients' attitudes

15. When working on an interdisciplinary team, in what order should the audiologist see the patient?

    • First, to implement intervention if necessary

    • Second, to give patients a chance to become comfortable in the room

    • Last, to make sure the treatment recommendations are the last thing patients hear before leaving

    • The audiologist does not need to see every patient

    • The order does not matter

    Article Four (pp. 177–183)

16. Due in large part to the rapidly aging population, the incidence of Alzheimer disease and related dementias is expected to

    • double by the year 2030

    • double by the year 2050

    • triple by the year 2030

    • triple by the year 2050

    • not change; the population is not aging rapidly and the incidence of dementia is not expected to rise

17. The purpose of the Verbrugge-Jette Disablement Model is to consider the impairments resultant from a pathology in the context of

    • the individual and the medical provider

    • the individual's body and mind

    • the individual's abilities and the demands of the environment

    • the individual's opinions of his or her impairment

    • the individual's medical preferences

18. Evidence has shown that treating hearing loss in persons with dementia has an impact beyond hearing and also includes

    • dementia-related problem behaviors

    • balance complaints

    • tinnitus complaints

    • medication side effects

    • dementia-related hospitalizations

19. Which of the following is not a typical barrier to pursuing hearing aids for a person with dementia?

    • Repeated trips to a specialty clinic

    • High out-of-pocket costs

    • Stress of learning and maintaining new, expensive technology

    • High time commitment by an already overburdened and unpaid family caregiver

    • Lack of evidence of the usefulness of a hearing aid for a person with dementia

20. A key element of providing interventional audiology to persons with dementia is to

    • increase the number of appointments at the audiology clinic for extra practice

    • use only top-of-the-line technology so the device is as automatic as possible

    • avoid involving family members because they have other stressors to worry about

    • integrate hearing care into the broader dementia care services already provided

    • not recommend amplification because it is likely to make the person anxious

    Article Five (pp. 184–197)

21. Aging individuals with untreated hearing loss have increased incidence of

    • depression

    • social isolation

    • hospitalization

    • all of the above

22. What percentage of older adults with impactful hearing loss use personal amplification?

    • 26%

    • 53%

    • 18%

    • 7%

23. Currently, approximately how many older adults are living in assisted living facilities in the United States?

    • 1 million

    • 2 million

    • 0.5 million

    • 100,000

24. A sound field amplification system is designed to

    • amplify sound in the room the individuals with hearing loss

    • equalize the sound level delivered to all areas of the room

    • keep the audience quiet when someone is presenting

    • replace personal amplification

25. The quality improvement project described in the article concluded that

    • communication facilitators can be trained by audiologists in less than a month

    • communication facilitators can increase hearing aid use and assistive listening technology use

    • communication facilitator training and activities need to be overseen by an audiologist who can be available by e-mail and phone with infrequent facility visits

    • all of the above

    Article Six (pp. 198–211)

26. An interventional audiology approach to address health care disparities has the potential to

    • educate audiologists through telemedicine

    • educate communities through outreach

    • accelerate the time between recognition of hearing loss and seeking care

    • all of the above

    • B and C

27. Epidemiological research has demonstrated that disparities related to race/ethnicity and socioeconomic factors contribute to

    • rates of hearing loss only among Hispanic/Latino populations

    • health disparities noted between genders

    • health disparities among community health workers

    • disparities in access to health care

    • disparities seen only in rural communities

28. Community health workers are described as

    • individuals who work on the U.S.-Mexico border

    • members of the public health workforce

    • individuals who have hearing loss

    • members of the community they serve

    • B and D

29. Community-based participatory research is

    • based on a medical school physician training model

    • based on a partnership between researchers and a community organization

    • conducted in a university laboratory setting

    • conducted in rural and not urban areas

    • equivalent to the Health Belief Model

30. The Health Belief Model includes health beliefs such as

    • one's definition of health and perceived health status

    • perceived susceptibility to hearing loss

    • perceived benefits of seeking health care

    • perceived barriers and self-efficacy

    • all of the above

    Article Seven (pp. 212–222)

31. Workers on farms with 10 or fewer employees often do not participate in hearing conservation programs because

    • they are exempt from Occupational Safety and Health Administration–regulated hearing conservation programs under the Appropriations Act

    • farms with 10 or fewer employees do not have high noise levels

    • they are required to provide their own hearing protection

    • A and B

    • A and C

32. Tractor pull attendees often have other noisy hobbies that include

    • NASCAR

    • hunting

    • snowmobiling

    • tractor restoration

    • all of the above

33. The peak sound levels measured during competitions at the Tomah Tractor Pull were in the range of how many dBA?

    • 85 to 90

    • 60 to 65

    • 75 to 80

    • 120 to 125

    • 90 to 95

34. Which of the following suggests that a hearing loss prevention project at a tractor pull can be effective?

    • The percentage of individuals who took earplugs when offered

    • The shifts in cultural attitudes toward hearing loss prevention noted over the years

    • The number of people who refused earplugs

    • A and B

    • B and C

35. Which of the following data is correct regarding common noise levels on a farm?

    • Pig squeals can reach 100 dBA.

    • Grain dryers can reach 110 dBA.

    • Tractors without cabs can reach 100 dBA.

    • Chainsaws can reach 110 dBA.

    • All of the above are correct.