Keywords
contrecoup - coup - Glasgow coma scale
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Focal
brain injuries are found in approximately one-half of all the patients with severe
brain injuries and are responsible for nearly two-thirds of the deaths.[1]
[2]
[3] Contrecoup injuries comprise a group of focal brain injuries that occur at areas
distant from the point of impact as a result of shock waves traveling across the brain
causing stress/cavitation effects.[4] It is increasingly evident that the pattern of structural brain injury as visualized
by imaging and the depth and duration of ischemia are also important factors in prediction
of outcome.[5]
[6]
The presence of a contrecoup injury implies a more severe primary impact, and therefore
an injury more diffuse than focal. It has been hypothesized that patients with contrecoup
injuries would have a worse outcome because of the diffuse nature of injury.[7] With computed tomographic (CT) scan, it is possible to localize and delineate the
type and severity of injury in the majority of head-injured patients and determine
whether injuries are coup or contrecoup. Literature search reveals very few studies
showing various presentations, modes of injury, and outcome of contrecoup injuries
till date.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the modes of injury and various presentations
in contrecoup brain injuries. We believe that data from the present study will be
a useful additional reference in head trauma cases and will increase awareness of
contrecoup injuries during imaging review. Earlier detection of contrecoup injuries
can minimize the complications of head trauma.
Materials and Methods
A prospective study of 1,305 patients with blunt head trauma admitted to Nilratan
Sircar medical college, Kolkata, within a 12-month period was performed. The case
records were studied regarding age, sex, mode of injury, Glasgow coma score (GCS),
and focal neurologic deficits at admission and at discharge. CT of the brain was performed
in all the cases at the time of admission and after 72 hours or anytime as and when
required.
-
Inclusion criteria:
-
Definite history of head trauma.
-
Unequivocal evidence of a localized area of impact either in the form of fracture,
scalp laceration, or galeal hematoma.
-
Presence of contrecoup injury opposite to the site of impact or fracture, as detected
in initial CT scan.
-
Exclusion criteria:
-
Patients with nonhemorrhagic contusions.
-
Patients with other systemic injuries and polytrauma.
-
Patients with associated coup injuries.
Outcomes measured in this study were the incidence of modes of injury, the various
types of injury, and the mortality rate among this group.
Results
A total of 74 patients out of 1,305 had only contrecoup injury.
-
Age: The patients' age ranged from 8 to 76 years with an average age of 38.5 years. Thirty-nine
patients were younger than 40 years.
-
Modes of injury: The most common mode of injury was road traffic accident accounting for 58.1% (n = 43) followed by fall 24.3% (n = 18) and assault 9.5% (n = 07). However, the cause was undetermined in 8.1% (n = 06) cases.
-
GCS on admission: The GCS of the patients on admission ranged from 4 to 15 (mean: 8.20). Thirty-nine
patients had GCS ≤ 8.
-
Site of contrecoup injury: The most common site of contrecoup injury was the temporal region accounting for 40.5% (n = 30), followed by frontal region 29.7% (n = 22), parietal region 18.9% (n = 14), and occipital region 6.6% (n = 5). Three patients had hematoma in the posterior fossa.
-
Patterns of injury: Based on the criteria, acute hemorrhagic contusion ([Fig. 1]) was the most common pattern, followed by acute subdural hematoma (SDH), SDH with
contusion ([Fig. 2]), SDH with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) ([Fig. 3]), and acute extradural hematoma (EDH) ([Table 1]).
-
Management: All patients were clinically assessed and operated depending on the lesion size
and mass effect as demonstrated in the CT scan. Patients in good neurologic condition
with small lesion were managed conservatively. Some patients with significant injuries
but with very poor GCS and absent brainstem reflexes were not operated ([Table 2]).
Fig. 1 Acute hemorrhagic contusion.
Fig. 2 Subdural hematoma with contusion.
Fig. 3 Subdural hematoma with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Table 1
Patterns of head injuries
|
Type of lesion
|
No. of patients
|
Percentage
|
|
Contusion
|
38
|
51.4
|
|
Acute SDH
|
20
|
27
|
|
Acute SDH with contusion
|
12
|
16.2
|
|
Acute SDH with SAH
|
03
|
4
|
|
Acute EDH
|
01
|
1.4
|
Abbreviations: EDH, extradural hematoma; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SDH, subdural
hematoma.
Table 2
Management of head injury
|
Management
|
Surgical
|
Conservative
|
|
Number
|
18
|
56
|
|
Improved
|
4
|
18
|
|
Remained same/deteriorated
|
8
|
12
|
|
Death
|
6
|
26
|
Four patients in this group had normal CT scan at presentation. These patients deteriorated
over a period of next 24 hours. A repeat scan showed contrecoup hematoma in the new
scan. They were managed accordingly.
Discussion
Head injury is one of the most important public health problems today. The incidence
of head injuries is steadily increasing all over the world and our country has the
dubious distinction of having the highest incidence of head injuries in the world
due to road traffic accidents per 1,000 vehicles or deaths per 1,000 accidents. The
management of severe head injury is a major challenge to neurosurgeons and basic neuroscientists,
as the consequent mortality and morbidity is depressingly high. There is a need for
an extensive multidimensional effort to improve the prognosis of head-injured patients
and provide them a better quality of life. To achieve these aims, the epidemiology
of head injury needs to be known, especially the incidence and its burden on society.[8]
Brain damage in nonmissile head injury is classified as “focal” or “diffuse.” The
focal damage includes contusion and lacerations on the surface of the brain or intracranial
hematoma and raised intracranial pressure (ICP) as a secondary phenomenon. Focal injuries
result from localized damage, found in nearly 58% of patients with severe head injuries
and 66% of deaths associated with head trauma.[9] Contrecoup injuries, a form of focal injuries, are well known. There are very few
studies on contrecoup injuries, and their clinical significance and the outcome in
this subgroup of head-injured patients are largely unknown. The biomechanics of contrecoup
injuries is explained to some extent by the shock wave theory. The shock waves that
begin from the point of impact and spread through the brain may get reflected from
the opposite side of the skull and reverberate within the brain. The presence of contrecoup
injury implies that the traumatic forces have dissipated into the brain, and from
the biomechanisms explained, the brain is likely to have suffered greater damage than
the case in coup injury alone. This is reflected in the poor outcome in this subgroup
of head-injured patients.[7] Four patients out of the 74 in this group had normal CT scan at presentation. These
patients deteriorated over a period of next 24 hours, and a repeat scan showed contrecoup
hematoma in the new scan.
In our study 74 (5.7%) patients had contrecoup injury. Jayakumar et al[10] found contrecoup injuries in 9.6% of their 650 patients. The mean age was 38.5 years
with more than one-half of the patients younger than 40 years. Kraus[11] also reported the most common group affected by head injuries to be young people
aged between 20 and 40 years and the incidence to be lowest at extremes of age, that
is, below 5 years and above 60 years. The most common mode of injury was road traffic
accident in our study accounting for more than 50%, which was similar to the study
by Bhateja et al.[7] The most common injury was acute SDH followed by hemorrhagic contusions, SDH with
contusion, SDH with SAH, and acute EDH. This pattern of injury also corroborated with
the study of Bhateja et al[7] in which the most common injury was acute SDH followed by hemorrhagic contusions;
however, the most common presentation was hemorrhagic contusion in patients with contrecoup
injury by temporal bone fracture.[12]
We observed a mortality rate of 43% among this group. According to the study by Bhateja
et al[7] and Jayakumar et al,[10] the mortality rates were 44% and 53%, respectively. The factors affecting mortality
in our study included age of the patient and GCS at presentation. Thirty-nine patients
were younger than 40 years and the mortality was 40% in this group. The mortality
was 65% in patients older than 40 years. Mortality rate was higher in patients with
GCS score of 8 or less, accounting for 70% compared with those with GCS score of more
than 8, which accounted for 38%.
Conclusion
Contrecoup injuries are focal brain injuries that have poor prognosis. The presence
of contrecoup injury implies that the traumatic forces have dissipated into the brain,
and from the biomechanisms explained, the brain is likely to have suffered greater
damage than the case in coup injury alone.
The present study shows that the presence of contrecoup contusions is associated with
a poor prognosis across all GCS and age categories. Also, we stress that patients
with poor GCS at the time of admission with minimal or no abnormality in imaging should
have a repeat imaging done within the first 72 hours as they may later present with
contrecoup injury.
Erratum: An erratum has been published for this article (DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1606264).
