Hemostatic Disorders in Hormonally Active Pituitary Tumors

Abstract

Endocrinopathies encompass heterogeneous diseases that can lead to hemostasis disorders at various stages over their clinical course. Normal hemostasis requires an equilibrium between the processes of coagulation and fibrinolysis, which depend on multiple activators and inhibitors. To date, the influence of various hormonal disorders on the hemostatic system has been assessed many times. The aim of this review was to analyze hemostasis abnormalities that occur in patients with hormonally active pituitary tumors: corticotropinoma, somatotropinoma, prolactinoma, gonadotropinoma and thyrotropinoma. Authors discuss studies that examined coagulation and hemostasis parameters among patients with these tumors, as well as analyze antithrombotic prophylaxis approach for endogenous hypercortisolemia subjects in particular.

Key words

hemostasis - pituitary disorders - adenomas of pituitary

• References

• 1 Świątkowska-Stodulska R, Babińska A, Sworczak K. Effect of selected hormones on particular parameters of hemostasis. Wiad Lek 2007; 60: 390-393 [Polish]
• 2 Świątkowska-Stodulska R, Sworczak K. Disorders of hemostasis in overt and subclinical hypercortisolism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013; 121: 588-594
• 3 Świątkowska-Stodulska R, Kaniuka-Jakubowska S, Wisniewski P et al. The estimation of selected endogenous anticoagulation system parameters in patients with subclinical Cushing’s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165: 865-871
• 4 Van Zaane B, Nur E, Squizzato A et al. Hypercoagulable state in Cushing’s syndrome: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 2743-2750
• 5 Stuijver DJ, van Zaane B, Feelders RA et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with Cushing’s syndrome: a multicenter cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 3525-3532
• 6 Ntali G, Grossman A, Karavitaki N. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of Cushing’s. Pituitary 2015; 18: 181-187
• 7 Barbot M, Daidone V, Zilio M et al. Perioperative thromboprophylaxis in Cushing’s disease: What we did and what we are doing?. Pituitary 2015; 18: 487-493
• 8 Casonato A, Pontara E, Boscaro M et al. Abnormalities of von Willebrand factor are also part of the prothrombotic state of Cushing’s syndrome. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 1999; 10: 145-151
• 9 Dal Bo Zanon, Fornasiero R, Boscaro L et al. A. Increased factor VIII associated activities in Cushing’s syndrome: a probable hypercoagulable state. Thromb Haemost 1982; 47: 116-117
• 10 Chopra A, Kumar R, Kishore K et al. Effect of glucocorticoids on von Willebrand factor levels and its correlation with von Willebrand factor gene promoter polymorphism. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2012; 23: 514-519
• 11 Jacoby RC, Owings JT, Ortega T et al. Biochemical basis for the hypercoagulable state seen in Cushing syndrome. Arch Surg 2001; 136: 1003-1006
• 12 Patrassi GM, Dal Bo Zanon R, Boscaro M et al. Further studies on the hypercoagulable state of patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Thromb Haemost 1985; 54: 518-520
• 13 Patrassi GM, Sartori MT, Viero ML et al. The fibrinolytic potential in patients with Cushing’s disease: a clue to their hypercoagulable state. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1992; 3: 789-793
• 14 Rosenfeld BA, Faraday N, Campbell D et al. Hemostatic effects of stress hormone infusion. Anesthesiology 1994; 81: 1116-1126
• 15 Kastelan D, Dusek T, Kraljevic I et al. Hypercoagulability in Cushing’s syndrome: the role of specific haemostatic and fibrinolytic markers. Endocrine 2009; 36: 70-74
• 16 Daidone V, Boscaro M, Pontara E et al. New insight into the hypercoagulability of Cushing’s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2011; 93: 121-125
• 17 Fukuoka H, Takeuchi T, Matsumoto R et al. D-dimer as a significant marker of deep vein thrombosis in patients with subclinical or overt Cushing’s syndrome. Endocr J 2014; 61: 1003-1010
• 18 van der Pas R, Leebeek FW, Hofland LJ et al. Hypercoagulability in Cushing’s syndrome: prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78: 481-488
• 19 Kastelan D, Dusek T, Kraljevic I et al. Hypercoagulable state in Cushing’s syndrome is reversible following remission. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78: 102-106
• 20 Erem C, Nuhoglu I, Yilmaz M et al. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with Cushing’s syndrome: increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and unchanged thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor levels. J Endocrinol Invest 2009; 32: 169-174
• 21 Fatti LM, Bottasso B, Invitti C et al. Markers of activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2000; 23: 145-150
• 22 Manetti L, Bogazzi F, Giovannetti C et al. Changes in coagulation indexes and occurrence of venous thromboembolism in patients with Cushing’s syndrome: results from a prospective study before and after surgery. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163: 783-791
• 23 Faggiano A, Melis D, Alfieri R et al. Sulfur Amino Acids in Cushing’s Disease: Insight in Homocysteine and taurine levels in patients with Active and Cured disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 6616-6622
• 24 Di Minno MN, Tremoli E, Coppola A et al. Homocysteine and arterial thrombosis: challenge and opportunity. Thromb Haemost 2010; 103: 942-961
• 25 Eldibany MM, Caprin AJ. Hyperhomocyteinemia and thrombosis An overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 13: 872-884
• 26 Świątkowska-Stodulska R, Kaniuka-Jakubowska S, Wiśniewski P et al. Homocysteine and alpha-1 antitrypsin concentration in patients with subclinical hypercortisolemia. Adv Med Sci 2012; 57: 302-307
• 27 Terzolo M, Allasino B, Bosio S et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3745-3751
• 28 Folsom AR, Qamhieh HT, Wing RR et al. Impact of weight loss on plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), factor VII, and other hemostatic factors in moderately overweight adults. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 162-169
• 29 Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC, Mavri A et al. Plasminogen activator-1, inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance and vascular risk. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 1575-1579
• 30 Kohler HP. Insulin resistance syndrome: interaction with coagulation and fibrinolysis. Swiss Med Wkly 2002; 132: 241-252
• 31 Mutch NJ, Wilson HM, Booth NA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and haemostasis in obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2001; 60: 341-347
• 32 Andrews RC, Walker BR. Glucocorticoids and insulin resistance: old hormones, new targets. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999; 96: 513-523
• 33 Vamberque A, Rugeri L, Gaveriaux V et al. Factor VII, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and monocyte tissue factor in diabetes mellitus: influence of type of diabetes, obesity index, and age. Thromb Res 2001; 101: 367-375
• 34 Vallasi E, Biler BK, Klibanski A et al. Adipokines and Cardiovascular Risk in Cushing’s Syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95: 187-206
• 35 Konstantinides S, Schäfer K, Koschnick S et al. Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis suggests a mechanism for atherothrombotic disease in obesity. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1533-1540
• 36 Wallace AM, McMahon AD, Packard CJ et al. Plasma leptin and risk of cardiovascular disease in the west Scotland coronary prevention study (WOSCOPS). Circulation 2001; 104: 3052-3056
• 37 Pozzi AO, Bernardo E, Coronado MT et al. Acute arterial thrombosis in the absence of inflammation: the stress-related anti-inflammatory hormone ACTH participates in platelet-mediated thrombosis. Atherosclerosis 2009; 204: 79-84
• 38 Levi M, van der Poll T. Inflammation and coagulation. Crit Care Med 2010; 38 (2 Suppl) S26-S34
• 39 Erem C, Nuhoglu I, Kocak M et al. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with acromegaly: increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and an inverse correlation between growth hormone and TFPI. Endocrine 2008; 33: 270-276
• 40 Delaroudis SP, Efstathiadou ZA, Koukoulis GN et al. Amelioration of cardiovascular risk factors with partial biochemical control of acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69: 279-284
• 41 Sesmilo G, Fairfield WP, Katznelson L et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in acromegaly before and after normalization of serum IGF-I levels with the GH antagonist pegvisomant. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1692-1699
• 42 Kałuzny M, Bolanowski M, Daroszewski J et al. The role of fibrynogen and CRP in cardiovascular risk in patients with acromegaly. Endocrinol Pol 2010; 61: 83-88
• 43 Sartorio A, Cattaneo M, Bucciarelli P et al. Alterations of haemostatic and fibrinolytic markers in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency and with acromegaly. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000; 108: 486-492
• 44 Padayatty SJ, Orme S, Zenobi PD et al. The effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 synthesis and secretion: results from in vitro and in vivo studies. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70: 1009-1013
• 45 Hekimsoy Z, Ozmen B, Ulusoy S. Homocysteine levels in acromegaly patients. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2005; 26: 811-814
• 46 Wallaschofski H, Donné M, Eigenthaler M et al. PRL as a novel potent cofactor for platelet aggregation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5912-5919
• 47 Erem C, Kocak M, Nuhoglu I et al. Blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and lipid profile in patients with prolactinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73: 502-507
• 48 Stuijver DJ, Debeij J, van Zaane B et al. Levels of prolactin in relation to coagulation factors and risk of venous thrombosis. Results of a large population-based case-control study (MEGA-study). Thromb Haemost 2012; 108: 499-507
• 49 van Zaane B, Squizzato A, Reuwer AQ et al. Prolactin and venous thrombosis: indications for a novel risk factor?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31: 672-672
• 50 Jiang XB, Li CL, He DS et al. Increased carotid intima media thickness is associated with prolactin levels in subjects with untreated prolactinoma: a pilot study. Pituitary 2014; 17: 232-239
• 51 Wallaschofski H, Lohmann T, Hild E et al. Enhanced platelet activation by prolactin in patients with ischemic stroke. Thromb Haemost 2006; 96: 38-44
• 52 Raaz D, Wallaschofski H, Stumpf C et al. Increased prolactin in acute coronary syndromes as putative Co-activator of ADP-stimulated P-selectin expression. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38: 767-772
• 53 Erem C. Coagulation and fibrinolysis in thyroid dysfunction. Endocrine 2009; 36: 110-118
• 54 Debeij J, Dekkers OM, Asvold BO et al. Increased levels of free thyroxine and risk of venous thrombosis in a large population-based prospective study. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10: 1539-1546
• 55 van Zaane B, Squizzato A, Huijgen R et al. Increasing levels of free thyroxine as a risk factor for a first venous thrombosis: a case-control study. Blood 2010; 115: 4344-4349
• 56 Lippi G, Franchini M, Targher G et al. Hyperthyroidism is associated with shortened APTT and increased fibrinogen values in a general population of unselected outpatients. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009; 28: 362-355
• 57 Hooper JM, Stuijver DJ, Orme SM et al. Thyroid dysfunction and fibrin network structure: a mechanism for increased thrombotic risk in hyperthyroid individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 1463-1473
• 58 Shih CH, Chen SL, Yen CC et al. Thyroid Hormone Receptor-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of Fibrinogen and Coagulation Proteins. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 2840-2814
• 59 Erem C, Ersoz HO, Karti SS et al. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with hyperthyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 2002; 25: 345-350
• 60 Squizzato A, Romualdi E, Büller HR et al. Clinical review: Thyroid dysfunction and effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 2415-2420
• 61 Stuijver DJ, van Zaane B, Romualdi E et al. The effect of hyperthyroidism on procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108: 1077-1088
• 62 Holmegard HN, Nordestgaard BG, Schnohr P et al. Endogenous sex hormones and risk of venous thromboembolism in women and men. Thromb Haemost 2014; 12: 297-305
• 63 Svartberg J, Braekkan SK, Laughlin GA et al. Endogenous sex hormone levels in men are not associated with risk of venous thromboembolism: the Tromso study. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160: 833-838
• 64 Halupczok J, Bidzińska-Speichert B, Lenarcik-Kabza A et al. Gonadotroph adenoma causing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in a premenopausal woman. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30: 774-777
• 65 Karapanou O, Tzanela M, Tamouridis N et al. Gonadotroph pituitary macroadenoma inducing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: successful response to octreotide therapy. Hormones (Athens) 2012; 11: 199-202