Geschlechterunterschiede bei Infektionen – Wie relevant sind sie wirklich?

Nicht nur beim Reden und Einparken unterscheiden sich Mann und Frau. Auch hinsichtlich des Infektionsrisikos und der Immunologie von Impfungen zeigen sich geschlechts-und genderspezifische Unterschiede – ein Auftrag für die Gesundheitspolitik.

• Literatur

• 1 Schroder J, Kahlke V, Staubach KH et al. Gender differences in human sepsis. Arch Surg 1998; 133: 1200-1205
• 2 Offner PJ, Moore EE, Biffl WL. Male gender is a risk factor for major infections after surgery. Arch Surg 1999; 134
• 3 Wichmann MW, Inthorn D, Andress HJ et al. Incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in surgical intensive care patients: the influence of patient gender on disease process and outcome. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 167-172
• 4 Eachempati SR, Hydo L, Barie PS. Gender-based differences in outcome in patients with sepsis. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 1342-1347
• 5 Libert C, Dejager L, Pinheiro I. The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10: 594-604
• 6 Mnyani CN, McIntyre JA. Tuberculosis in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 226-231
• 7 Gonzalez DA, Diaz BB, Rodriguez Perez Mdel C et al. Sex hormones and autoimmunity. Immunol Lett 2010; 133: 6-13
• 8 Gleicher N, Barad DH. Gender as risk factor for autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2007; 28: 1-6
• 9 Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52
• 10 Wagenlehner FM, Schmiemann G, Hoyme U et al. [National S3 guideline on uncomplicated urinary tract infection: recommendations for treatment and management of uncomplicated community-acquired bacterial urinary tract infections in adult patients]. Urologe A 2011; 50: 153-169
• 11 Pietropaoli AP, Glance LG, Oakes D et al. Gender differences in mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Gend Med 2010; 7: 422-437
• 12 Nachtigall I, Tafelski S, Rothbart A et al. Gender-related outcome difference is related to course of sepsis on mixed ICUs: a prospective, observational clinical study. Crit Care 2011; 15
• 13 WHO ed Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections, overview and estimates. WHO 2001;
• 14 Pedlow CT, Carey MP. Developmentally appropriate sexual risk reduction interventions for adolescents: rationale, review of interventions, and recommendations for research and practice. Ann Behav Med 2004; 27: 172-184
• 15 European Commission. European Survey on Sexually Transmitted Infections: Sexually transmitted infections – Surveillance in Europe. 2008
• 16 European Centers of Disease Control. Technical Report Mapping of HIV/STI behavioural surveillance. 2009
• 17 Laspina F, Samudio M, Cibils D et al. Epidemiological characteristics of microbiological results on patients with infectious corneal ulcers: a 13-year survey in Paraguay. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 242: 204-209
• 18 Cedrone C, Ricci F, Regine F et al. Nationwide incidence of endophthalmitis among the general population and the subjects at risk of endophthalmitis in Italy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2008; 15: 366-371
• 19 Essex RW, Yi Q, Charles PG et al. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 2015-2022
• 20 Erikson K. Smittkoppornas konsekvenser. En studie över smittade födda 1780–1785 i Skelefftea landsförsamling. Unpublished paper. Department of History, Umea University; 1994 – Dank an Frau Prof. Dr. Birgitta Evengard, Dept. Infectious Diseases, Umea University.
• 21 Robert-Koch-Institut. Infektionsbiologisches Jahrbuch für 2010. Berlin. 2011
• 22 Klein SL, Jedlicka A, Pekosz A. The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10: 338-349
• 23 Gaucher D, Therrien R, Kettaf N et al. Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. J Exp Med 2008; 205: 3119-3131
• 24 Engler RJ, Nelson MR, Klote MM et al. Half- vs full-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (2004–2005): age, dose, and sex effects on immune responses. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 2405-2414
• 25 Mossong J, O'Callaghan CJ, Ratnam S. Modelling antibody response to measles vaccine and subsequent waning of immunity in a low exposure population. Vaccine 2000; 19: 523-529
• 26 Davidkin I, Valle M, Julkunen I. Persistence of anti-mumps virus antibodies after a two-dose MMR vaccination. A nine-year follow-up. Vaccine 1995; 13: 1617-1622
• 27 France EK, Glanz J, Xu S et al. Risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumps-rubella immunization in children. Pediatrics 2008; 121
• 28 Hilber AM, Bosch-Capblanch X, Schindler C et al. Gender and immunisation. Summary report for SAGE, November 2010. Zürich: Swiss Centre for International Health STaPHI; 2010
• 29 Soneji S, Metlay J. Mortality reductions for older adults differ by race/ethnicity and gender since the introduction of adult and pediatric pneumococcal vaccines. Public Health Rep 2011; 126: 259-269
• 30 Marek E, Dergez T, Rebek-Nagy G et al. Adolescents' awareness of HPV infections and attitudes towards HPV vaccination 3 years following the introduction of the HPV vaccine in Hungary. Vaccine 2011; 29: 8591-8598
• 31 Allen JD, de Jesus M, Mars D et al. Decision-making about the HPV vaccine among ethnically diverse parents: implications for health communications. J Oncol 2012; 401979-401979