Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 34(03): 336-351
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1348467
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome: The Achilles' Heel of Lung Transplantation

S. Samuel Weigt
1   Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
,
Ariss DerHovanessian
1   Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
,
W. Dean Wallace
2   Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
,
Joseph P. Lynch III
1   Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
,
John A. Belperio
1   Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
02 July 2013 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Lung transplantation is a therapeutic option for patients with end-stage pulmonary disorders. Unfortunately, chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), most commonly manifest as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), continues to be highly prevalent and is the major limitation to long-term survival. The pathogenesis of BOS is complex and involves alloimmune and nonalloimmune pathways. Clinically, BOS manifests as airway obstruction and dyspnea that are classically progressive and ultimately fatal; however, the course is highly variable, and distinguishable phenotypes may exist. There are few controlled studies assessing treatment efficacy, but only a minority of patients respond to current treatment modalities. Ultimately, preventive strategies may prove more effective at prolonging survival after lung transplantation, but their remains considerable debate and little data regarding the best strategies to prevent BOS. A better understanding of the risk factors and their relationship to the pathological mechanisms of chronic lung allograft rejection should lead to better pharmacological targets to prevent or treat this syndrome.

Keywords

lung transplantation - chronic rejection - bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome
 

  • References

  • 1 Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY , et al; International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 29th adult lung and heart-lung transplant report-2012. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31 (10) 1073-1086
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Knoop C, Estenne M. Acute and chronic rejection after lung transplantation. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 27 (5) 521-533
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Vermeulen KM, Groen H, van der Bij W, Erasmus ME, Koëter GH, TenVergert EM. The effect of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome on health related quality of life. Clin Transplant 2004; 18 (4) 377-383
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 van den Berg JW, van Enckevort PJ, TenVergert EM, Postma DS, van der Bij W, Koëter GH. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and additional costs of lung transplantation. Chest 2000; 118 (6) 1648-1652
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Estenne M, Maurer JR, Boehler A , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome 2001: an update of the diagnostic criteria. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21 (3) 297-310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Hachem RR, Chakinala MM, Yusen RD , et al. The predictive value of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome stage 0-p. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169 (4) 468-472
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Lama VN, Murray S, Mumford JA , et al. Prognostic value of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome stage 0-p in single-lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172 (3) 379-383
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Stewart S, Fishbein MC, Snell GI , et al. Revision of the 1996 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of lung rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26 (12) 1229-1242
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Yousem SA, Berry GJ, Cagle PT , et al. Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the classification of pulmonary allograft rejection: Lung Rejection Study Group. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15 (1 Pt 1) 1-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Saggar R, Ross DJ, Saggar R , et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung transplantation obliterative bronchiolitis and vascular remodeling of the allograft. Am J Transplant 2008; 8 (9) 1921-1930
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Finlen Copeland CA, Snyder LD, Zaas DW, Turbyfill WJ, Davis WA, Palmer SM. Survival after bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome among bilateral lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182 (6) 784-789
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Burton CM, Carlsen J, Mortensen J, Andersen CB, Milman N, Iversen M. Long-term survival after lung transplantation depends on development and severity of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26 (7) 681-686
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Estenne M, Hertz MI. Bronchiolitis obliterans after human lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166 (4) 440-444
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Heng D, Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wreghitt T, Wallwork J. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: incidence, natural history, prognosis, and risk factors. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998; 17 (12) 1255-1263
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Jackson CH, Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wallwork J. Acute and chronic onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS): are they different entities?. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21 (6) 658-666
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Lama VN, Murray S, Lonigro RJ , et al. Course of FEV(1) after onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175 (11) 1192-1198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Verleden G, Dupont L. Obliterative bronchiolitis. In: Lynch III JP, Ross DJ, , eds. Lung and Heart–Lung Transplantation. Lung Biology in Health and Disease. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006. 217. 723-751
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Borthwick LA, McIlroy EI, Gorowiec MR , et al. Inflammation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in lung transplant recipients: role in dysregulated epithelial wound repair. Am J Transplant 2010; 10 (3) 498-509
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Borthwick LA, Parker SM, Brougham KA , et al. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and airway remodelling after human lung transplantation. Thorax 2009; 64 (9) 770-777
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Hodge S, Holmes M, Banerjee B , et al. Posttransplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome is associated with bronchial epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (4) 727-733
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Iacono A, Dauber J, Keenan R , et al. Interleukin 6 and interferon-gamma gene expression in lung transplant recipients with refractory acute cellular rejection: implications for monitoring and inhibition by treatment with aerosolized cyclosporine. Transplantation 1997; 64 (2) 263-269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Lu KC, Jaramillo A, Lecha RL , et al. Interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma gene polymorphisms in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 74 (9) 1297-1302
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Meloni F, Vitulo P, Cascina A , et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cytokine profile in a cohort of lung transplant recipients: a predictive role of interleukin-12 with respect to onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23 (9) 1053-1060
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Moudgil A, Bagga A, Toyoda M, Nicolaidou E, Jordan SC, Ross D. Expression of gamma-IFN mRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid correlates with early acute allograft rejection in lung transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 1999; 13 (2) 201-207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Neuringer IP, Walsh SP, Mannon RB, Gabriel S, Aris RM. Enhanced T cell cytokine gene expression in mouse airway obliterative bronchiolitis. Transplantation 2000; 69 (3) 399-405
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Glysing-Jensen T, Russell ME. Leukocyte-suppressing influences of interleukin (IL)-10 in cardiac allografts: insights from IL-10 knockout mice. Am J Pathol 1998; 153 (5) 1491-1500
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Keane MP, Gomperts BN, Weigt S , et al. IL-13 is pivotal in the fibro-obliterative process of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Immunol 2007; 178 (1) 511-519
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Lama VN, Harada H, Badri LN , et al. Obligatory role for interleukin-13 in obstructive lesion development in airway allografts. Am J Pathol 2006; 169 (1) 47-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Zhai Y, Ghobrial RM, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Th1 and Th2 cytokines in organ transplantation: paradigm lost?. Crit Rev Immunol 1999; 19 (2) 155-172
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Heidt S, Segundo DS, Chadha R, Wood KJ. The impact of Th17 cells on transplant rejection and the induction of tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15 (4) 456-461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Chanut-Delalande H, Fichard A, Bernocco S, Garrone R, Hulmes DJ, Ruggiero F. Control of heterotypic fibril formation by collagen V is determined by chain stoichiometry. J Biol Chem 2001; 276 (26) 24352-24359
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Iwata T, Chiyo M, Yoshida S , et al. Lung transplant ischemia reperfusion injury: metalloprotease inhibition down-regulates exposure of type V collagen, growth-related oncogene-induced neutrophil chemotaxis, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression. Transplantation 2008; 85 (3) 417-426
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Hachem RR, Tiriveedhi V, Patterson GA, Aloush A, Trulock EP, Mohanakumar T. Antibodies to K-α 1 tubulin and collagen V are associated with chronic rejection after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012; 12 (8) 2164-2171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Haque MA, Mizobuchi T, Yasufuku K , et al. Evidence for immune responses to a self-antigen in lung transplantation: role of type V collagen-specific T cells in the pathogenesis of lung allograft rejection. J Immunol 2002; 169 (3) 1542-1549
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Bharat A, Fields RC, Trulock EP, Patterson GA, Mohanakumar T. Induction of IL-10 suppressors in lung transplant patients by CD4+25+ regulatory T cells through CTLA-4 signaling. J Immunol 2006; 177 (8) 5631-5638
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Fukami N, Ramachandran S, Saini D , et al. Antibodies to MHC class I induce autoimmunity: role in the pathogenesis of chronic rejection. J Immunol 2009; 182 (1) 309-318
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Burlingham WJ, Love RB, Jankowska-Gan E , et al. IL-17-dependent cellular immunity to collagen type V predisposes to obliterative bronchiolitis in human lung transplants. J Clin Invest 2007; 117 (11) 3498-3506
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Vanaudenaerde BM, De Vleeschauwer SI, Vos R , et al. The role of the IL23/IL17 axis in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8 (9) 1911-1920
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Nakagiri T, Inoue M, Morii E , et al. Local IL-17 production and a decrease in peripheral blood regulatory T cells in an animal model of bronchiolitis obliterans. Transplantation 2010; 89 (11) 1312-1319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Fan L, Benson HL, Vittal R , et al. Neutralizing IL-17 prevents obliterative bronchiolitis in murine orthotopic lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2011; 11 (5) 911-922
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Kollins D, Stoelcker B, Hoffmann U , et al. FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells in renal allografts: correlation with long-term graft function and acute rejection. Clin Nephrol 2011; 75 (2) 91-100
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Batsford S, Dickenmann M, Dürmüller U, Hopfer H, Gudat F, Mihatsch M. Is monitoring of FOXP3 Treg cells in renal transplants during acute cellular rejection episodes useful?. Clin Nephrol 2011; 75 (2) 101-106
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Iwase H, Kobayashi T, Kodera Y , et al. Clinical significance of regulatory T-cell-related gene expression in peripheral blood after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2011; 91 (2) 191-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Bhorade SM, Chen H, Molinero L , et al. Decreased percentage of CD4+FoxP3+ cells in bronchoalveolar lavage from lung transplant recipients correlates with development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2010; 90 (5) 540-546
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Gregson AL, Hoji A, Palchevskiy V , et al. Protection against bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome is associated with allograft CCR7+ CD45RA- T regulatory cells. PLoS ONE 2010; 5 (6) e11354
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Bröcker V, Länger F, Fellous TG , et al. Fibroblasts of recipient origin contribute to bronchiolitis obliterans in human lung transplants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173 (11) 1276-1282
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Kleeberger W, Versmold A, Rothämel T , et al. Increased chimerism of bronchial and alveolar epithelium in human lung allografts undergoing chronic injury. Am J Pathol 2003; 162 (5) 1487-1494
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Hertz MI, Henke CA, Nakhleh RE , et al. Obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation: a fibroproliferative disorder associated with platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89 (21) 10385-10389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Kallio EA, Koskinen PK, Aavik E, Buchdunger E, Lemström KB. Role of platelet-derived growth factor in obliterative bronchiolitis (chronic rejection) in the rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160 (4) 1324-1332
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Tikkanen JM, Hollmén M, Nykänen AI, Wood J, Koskinen PK, Lemström KB. Role of platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in obliterative airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174 (10) 1145-1152
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Aharinejad S, Taghavi S, Klepetko W, Abraham D. Prediction of lung-transplant rejection by hepatocyte growth factor. Lancet 2004; 363 (9420) 1503-1508
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Charpin JM, Stern M, Grenet D, Israël-Biet D. Insulinlike growth factor-1 in lung transplants with obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161 (6) 1991-1998
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 El-Gamel A, Sim E, Hasleton P , et al. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and obliterative bronchiolitis following pulmonary transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18 (9) 828-837
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Belperio JA, Burdick MD, Keane MP , et al. The role of the CC chemokine, RANTES, in acute lung allograft rejection. J Immunol 2000; 165 (1) 461-472
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Belperio JA, Keane MP, Burdick MD , et al. Role of CXCL9/CXCR3 chemokine biology during pathogenesis of acute lung allograft rejection. J Immunol 2003; 171 (9) 4844-4852
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Belperio JA, Keane MP, Burdick MD , et al. Role of CXCR2/CXCR2 ligands in vascular remodeling during bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Clin Invest 2005; 115 (5) 1150-1162
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Belperio JA, Keane MP, Burdick MD , et al. Critical role for the chemokine MCP-1/CCR2 in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Clin Invest 2001; 108 (4) 547-556
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Belperio JA, Keane MP, Burdick MD , et al. Critical role for CXCR3 chemokine biology in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Immunol 2002; 169 (2) 1037-1049
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 DiGiovine B, Lynch III JP, Martinez FJ , et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia is associated with obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation: role of IL-8. J Immunol 1996; 157 (9) 4194-4202
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Reynaud-Gaubert M, Marin V, Thirion X , et al. Upregulation of chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as a predictive marker of post-transplant airway obliteration. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21 (7) 721-730
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Vos R, Blondeau K, Vanaudenaerde BM , et al. Airway colonization and gastric aspiration after lung transplantation: do birds of a feather flock together?. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27 (8) 843-849
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Neurohr C, Huppmann P, Samweber B , et al; Munich Lung Transplant Group. Prognostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in stable lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28 (5) 468-474
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Jiang X, Khan MA, Tian W , et al. Adenovirus-mediated HIF-1α gene transfer promotes repair of mouse airway allograft microvasculature and attenuates chronic rejection. J Clin Invest 2011; 121 (6) 2336-2349
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Le Moine A, Goldman M, Abramowicz D. Multiple pathways to allograft rejection. Transplantation 2002; 73 (9) 1373-1381
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Chalermskulrat W, Neuringer IP, Schmitz JL , et al. Human leukocyte antigen mismatches predispose to the severity of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Chest 2003; 123 (6) 1825-1831
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Sundaresan S, Mohanakumar T, Smith MA , et al. HLA-A locus mismatches and development of antibodies to HLA after lung transplantation correlate with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 1998; 65 (5) 648-653
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 SivaSai KS, Smith MA, Poindexter NJ , et al. Indirect recognition of donor HLA class I peptides in lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 1999; 67 (8) 1094-1098
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Stanford RE, Ahmed S, Hodson M, Banner NR, Rose ML. A role for indirect allorecognition in lung transplant recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Transplant 2003; 3 (6) 736-742
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Duncan SR, Leonard C, Theodore J , et al. Oligoclonal CD4(+) T cell expansions in lung transplant recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165 (10) 1439-1444
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Bando K, Paradis IL, Similo S , et al. Obliterative bronchiolitis after lung and heart-lung transplantation. An analysis of risk factors and management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 110 (1) 4-13 , discussion 13–14
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Husain AN, Siddiqui MT, Holmes EW , et al. Analysis of risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159 (3) 829-833
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Scott AI, Sharples LD, Stewart S. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: risk factors and therapeutic strategies. Drugs 2005; 65 (6) 761-771
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Verleden GM, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DE. Is it bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome or is it chronic rejection: a reappraisal?. Eur Respir J 2005; 25 (2) 221-224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Hopkins PM, Aboyoun CL, Chhajed PN , et al. Association of minimal rejection in lung transplant recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170 (9) 1022-1026
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Burton CM, Iversen M, Scheike T, Carlsen J, Andersen CB. Minimal acute cellular rejection remains prevalent up to 2 years after lung transplantation: a retrospective analysis of 2697 transbronchial biopsies. Transplantation 2008; 85 (4) 547-553
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Kroshus TJ, Kshettry VR, Savik K, John R, Hertz MI, Bolman III RM. Risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114 (2) 195-202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Hachem RR, Khalifah AP, Chakinala MM , et al. The significance of a single episode of minimal acute rejection after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2005; 80 (10) 1406-1413
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Khalifah AP, Hachem RR, Chakinala MM , et al. Minimal acute rejection after lung transplantation: a risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (8) 2022-2030
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Tazelaar HD, Yousem SA. The pathology of combined heart-lung transplantation: an autopsy study. Hum Pathol 1988; 19 (12) 1403-1416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Girgis RE, Tu I, Berry GJ , et al. Risk factors for the development of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15 (12) 1200-1208
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Sharples LD, McNeil K, Stewart S, Wallwork J. Risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans: a systematic review of recent publications. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21 (2) 271-281
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Glanville AR, Aboyoun CL, Havryk A, Plit M, Rainer S, Malouf MA. Severity of lymphocytic bronchiolitis predicts long-term outcome after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177 (9) 1033-1040
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Takemoto SK, Zeevi A, Feng S , et al. National conference to assess antibody-mediated rejection in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2004; 4 (7) 1033-1041
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Bittner HB, Dunitz J, Hertz M, Bolman III MR, Park SJ. Hyperacute rejection in single lung transplantation—case report of successful management by means of plasmapheresis and antithymocyte globulin treatment. Transplantation 2001; 71 (5) 649-651
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Choi JK, Kearns J, Palevsky HI , et al. Hyperacute rejection of a pulmonary allograft. Immediate clinical and pathologic findings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160 (3) 1015-1018
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 de Jesus Peixoto Camargo J, Marcantonio Camargo S, Marcelo Schio S, Noguchi Machuca T, Adélia Perin F. Hyperacute rejection after single lung transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc 2008; 40 (3) 867-869
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Frost AE, Jammal CT, Cagle PT. Hyperacute rejection following lung transplantation. Chest 1996; 110 (2) 559-562
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Scornik JC, Zander DS, Baz MA, Donnelly WH, Staples ED. Susceptibility of lung transplants to preformed donor-specific HLA antibodies as detected by flow cytometry. Transplantation 1999; 68 (10) 1542-1546
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Hadjiliadis D, Chaparro C, Reinsmoen NL , et al. Pre-transplant panel reactive antibody in lung transplant recipients is associated with significantly worse post-transplant survival in a multicenter study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24 (7, Suppl): S249-S254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Shah AS, Nwakanma L, Simpkins C, Williams J, Chang DC, Conte JV. Pretransplant panel reactive antibodies in human lung transplantation: an analysis of over 10,000 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85 (6) 1919-1924
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Yousem SA, Martin T, Paradis IL, Keenan R, Griffith BP. Can immunohistological analysis of transbronchial biopsy specimens predict responder status in early acute rejection of lung allografts?. Hum Pathol 1994; 25 (5) 525-529
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Girnita AL, McCurry KR, Iacono AT , et al. HLA-specific antibodies are associated with high-grade and persistent-recurrent lung allograft acute rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23 (10) 1135-1141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Girnita AL, Duquesnoy R, Yousem SA , et al. HLA-specific antibodies are risk factors for lymphocytic bronchiolitis and chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (1) 131-138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Palmer SM, Davis RD, Hadjiliadis D , et al. Development of an antibody specific to major histocompatibility antigens detectable by flow cytometry after lung transplant is associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2002; 74 (6) 799-804
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Smith MA, Sundaresan S, Mohanakumar T , et al. Effect of development of antibodies to HLA and cytomegalovirus mismatch on lung transplantation survival and development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 116 (5) 812-820
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Maruyama T, Jaramillo A, Narayanan K, Higuchi T, Mohanakumar T. Induction of obliterative airway disease by anti-HLA class I antibodies. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (9) 2126-2134
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Westall GP, Snell GI, McLean C, Kotsimbos T, Williams T, Magro C. C3d and C4d deposition early after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27 (7) 722-728
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Wallace WD, Reed EF, Ross D, Lassman CR, Fishbein MC. C4d staining of pulmonary allograft biopsies: an immunoperoxidase study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24 (10) 1565-1570
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Yousem SA, Zeevi A. The histopathology of lung allograft dysfunction associated with the development of donor-specific HLA alloantibodies. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36 (7) 987-992
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 DeNicola MM, Weigt SS, Belperio JA, Reed EF, Ross DJ, Wallace WD. Pathologic findings in lung allografts with anti-HLA antibodies. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 32 (3) 326-332
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Kalache S, Dinavahi R, Pinney S, Mehrotra A, Cunningham MW, Heeger PS. Anticardiac myosin immunity and chronic allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients. J Immunol 2011; 187 (2) 1023-1030
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Nath DS, Ilias Basha H, Tiriveedhi V , et al. Characterization of immune responses to cardiac self-antigens myosin and vimentin in human cardiac allograft recipients with antibody-mediated rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29 (11) 1277-1285
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Lemy A, Andrien M, Lionet A , et al. Posttransplant major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A antibodies and long-term graft outcomes in a multicenter cohort of 779 kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 2012; 93 (12) 1258-1264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Reinsmoen NL, Lai CH, Heidecke H , et al. Anti-angiotensin type 1 receptor antibodies associated with antibody mediated rejection in donor HLA antibody negative patients. Transplantation 2010; 90 (12) 1473-1477
    Google Scholar
  • 105 Utsumi K, Sawada T, Adachi E , et al. Collagen type IV in acute rejection of kidney. Transplant Proc 2000; 32 (7) 1785
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Goers TA, Ramachandran S, Aloush A, Trulock E, Patterson GA, Mohanakumar T. De novo production of K-alpha1 tubulin-specific antibodies: role in chronic lung allograft rejection. J Immunol 2008; 180 (7) 4487-4494
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Saini D, Weber J, Ramachandran S , et al. Alloimmunity-induced autoimmunity as a potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of chronic rejection of human lung allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30 (6) 624-631
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Adachi E, Hopkinson I, Hayashi T. Basement-membrane stromal relationships: interactions between collagen fibrils and the lamina densa. Int Rev Cytol 1997; 173: 73-156
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Yasufuku K, Heidler KM, Woods KA , et al. Prevention of bronchiolitis obliterans in rat lung allografts by type V collagen-induced oral tolerance. Transplantation 2002; 73 (4) 500-505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Tiriveedhi V, Angaswamy N, Brand D , et al. A shift in the collagen V antigenic epitope leads to T helper phenotype switch and immune response to self-antigen leading to chronic lung allograft rejection. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167 (1) 158-168
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Gull K, Hussey PJ, Sasse R, Schneider A, Seebeck T, Sherwin T. Tubulin isotypes: generation of diversity in cells and microtubular organelles. J Cell Sci Suppl 1986; 5: 243-255
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Takano T, Hasegawa Y, Miyauchi A , et al. Overexpression of kalpha1 tubulin mRNA in thyroid anaplastic carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2001; 168 (1) 51-55
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Villasante A, Wang D, Dobner P, Dolph P, Lewis SA, Cowan NJ. Six mouse alpha-tubulin mRNAs encode five distinct isotypes: testis-specific expression of two sister genes. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6 (7) 2409-2419
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Murphy DB. Functions of tubulin isoforms. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1991; 3 (1) 43-51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Wang N, Yan K, Rasenick MM. Tubulin binds specifically to the signal-transducing proteins, Gs alpha and Gi alpha 1. J Biol Chem 1990; 265 (3) 1239-1242
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Bharat A, Saini D, Steward N , et al. Antibodies to self-antigens predispose to primary lung allograft dysfunction and chronic rejection. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90 (4) 1094-1101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Andrade CF, Waddell TK, Keshavjee S, Liu M. Innate immunity and organ transplantation: the potential role of toll-like receptors. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (5) 969-975
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Chen L, Wang T, Zhou P , et al. TLR engagement prevents transplantation tolerance. Am J Transplant 2006; 6 (10) 2282-2291
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Porrett PM, Yuan X, LaRosa DF , et al. Mechanisms underlying blockade of allograft acceptance by TLR ligands. J Immunol 2008; 181 (3) 1692-1699
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Garantziotis S, Palmer SM, Snyder LD , et al. Alloimmune lung injury induced by local innate immune activation through inhaled lipopolysaccharide. Transplantation 2007; 84 (8) 1012-1019
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Palmer SM, Burch LH, Trindade AJ , et al. Innate immunity influences long-term outcomes after human lung transplant. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (7) 780-785
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Kastelijn EA, van Moorsel CH, Rijkers GT , et al. Polymorphisms in innate immunity genes associated with development of bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29 (6) 665-671
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Palmer SM, Klimecki W, Yu L , et al. Genetic regulation of rejection and survival following human lung transplantation by the innate immune receptor CD14. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (3) 693-699
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Carroll KE, Dean MM, Heatley SL , et al. High levels of mannose-binding lectin are associated with poor outcomes after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2011; 91 (9) 1044-1049
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Hodge S, Dean M, Hodge G, Holmes M, Reynolds PN. Decreased efferocytosis and mannose binding lectin in the airway in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30 (5) 589-595
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Budd SJ, Aris RM, Medaiyese AA, Tilley SL, Neuringer IP. Increased plasma mannose binding lectin levels are associated with bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation. Respir Res 2012; 13: 56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Christie JD, Carby M, Bag R, Corris P, Hertz M, Weill D. ISHLT Working Group on Primary Lung Graft Dysfunction. Report of the ISHLT Working Group on Primary Lung Graft Dysfunction part II: definition. A consensus statement of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24 (10) 1454-1459
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Andrade CF, Kaneda H, Der S , et al. Toll-like receptor and cytokine gene expression in the early phase of human lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25 (11) 1317-1323
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Sugimoto S, Lin X, Okazaki M , et al. Monocyte differentiation is controlled by MyD88 after mouse orthotopic lung transplantation. Transplant Proc 2009; 41 (1) 388-390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Kaczorowski DJ, Tsung A, Billiar TR. Innate immune mechanisms in ischemia/reperfusion. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2009; 1: 91-98
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Moreno I, Vicente R, Ramos F, Vicente JL, Barberá M. Determination of interleukin-6 in lung transplantation: association with primary graft dysfunction. Transplant Proc 2007; 39 (7) 2425-2426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Serrick C, Adoumie R, Giaid A, Shennib H. The early release of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma after ischemia reperfusion injury in the lung allograft. Transplantation 1994; 58 (11) 1158-1162
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Karakurum M, Shreeniwas R, Chen J , et al. Hypoxic induction of interleukin-8 gene expression in human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1994; 93 (4) 1564-1570
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Belperio JA, Keane MP, Burdick MD , et al. CXCR2/CXCR2 ligand biology during lung transplant ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Immunol 2005; 175 (10) 6931-6939
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Shah RJ, Diamond JM, Lederer DJ , et al. Plasma monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels at 24 hours are a biomarker of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Transl Res 2012; 160 (6) 435-442
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Waddell TK, Gorczynski RM, DeCampos KN, Patterson GA, Slutsky AS. Major histocompatibility complex expression and lung ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62 (3) 866-872
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Bharat A, Narayanan K, Street T , et al. Early posttransplant inflammation promotes the development of alloimmunity and chronic human lung allograft rejection. Transplantation 2007; 83 (2) 150-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Prekker ME, Nath DS, Walker AR , et al. Validation of the proposed International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grading system for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25 (4) 371-378
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Christie JD, Kotloff RM, Ahya VN , et al. The effect of primary graft dysfunction on survival after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (11) 1312-1316
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Daud SA, Yusen RD, Meyers BF , et al. Impact of immediate primary lung allograft dysfunction on bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175 (5) 507-513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Whitson BA, Prekker ME, Herrington CS , et al. Primary graft dysfunction and long-term pulmonary function after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26 (10) 1004-1011
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Diamond JM, Lederer DJ, Kawut SM , et al; Lung Transplant Outcomes Group. Elevated plasma long pentraxin-3 levels and primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Transplant 2011; 11 (11) 2517-2522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Diamond JM, Meyer NJ, Feng R , et al; Lung Transplant Outcomes Group. Variation in PTX3 is associated with primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186 (6) 546-552
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Young LR, Hadjiliadis D, Davis RD, Palmer SM. Lung transplantation exacerbates gastroesophageal reflux disease. Chest 2003; 124 (5) 1689-1693
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Basseri B, Conklin JL, Pimentel M , et al. Esophageal motor dysfunction and gastroesophageal reflux are prevalent in lung transplant candidates. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90 (5) 1630-1636
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Li B, Hartwig MG, Appel JZ , et al. Chronic aspiration of gastric fluid induces the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in rat lung transplants. Am J Transplant 2008; 8 (8) 1614-1621
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 D'Ovidio F, Mura M, Tsang M , et al. Bile acid aspiration and the development of bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 129 (5) 1144-1152
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Blondeau K, Mertens V, Vanaudenaerde BA , et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric aspiration in lung transplant patients with or without chronic rejection. Eur Respir J 2008; 31 (4) 707-713
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Mertens V, Blondeau K, Van Oudenhove L , et al. Bile acids aspiration reduces survival in lung transplant recipients with BOS despite azithromycin. Am J Transplant 2011; 11 (2) 329-335
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Shah N, Force SD, Mitchell PO , et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is associated with an increased rate of acute rejection in lung transplant allografts. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (7) 2702-2706
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Murthy SC, Nowicki ER, Mason DP , et al. Pretransplant gastroesophageal reflux compromises early outcomes after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142 (1) 47-52 , e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Hartwig MG, Anderson DJ, Onaitis MW , et al. Fundoplication after lung transplantation prevents the allograft dysfunction associated with reflux. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92 (2) 462-468 , 468–469
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 D'Ovidio F, Mura M, Ridsdale R , et al. The effect of reflux and bile acid aspiration on the lung allograft and its surfactant and innate immunity molecules SP-A and SP-D. Am J Transplant 2006; 6 (8) 1930-1938
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Tang T, Chang JC, Xie A, Davis RD, Parker W, Lin SS. Aspiration of gastric fluid in pulmonary allografts: Effect of pH. J Surg Res 2013; 181 (1) e31-e38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Hoppo T, Jarido V, Pennathur A , et al. Antireflux surgery preserves lung function in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and end-stage lung disease before and after lung transplantation. Arch Surg 2011; 146 (9) 1041-1047
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Keenan RJ, Lega ME, Dummer JS , et al. Cytomegalovirus serologic status and postoperative infection correlated with risk of developing chronic rejection after pulmonary transplantation. Transplantation 1991; 51 (2) 433-438
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 157 Cerrina J, Le Roy Ladurie F, Herve PH , et al. Role of CMV pneumonia in the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in heart-lung and double-lung transplant recipients. Transpl Int 1992; 5 (Suppl. 01) S242-S245
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 158 Paraskeva M, Bailey M, Levvey BJ , et al. Cytomegalovirus replication within the lung allograft is associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2011; 11 (10) 2190-2196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Luckraz H, Sharples L, McNeil K, Wreghitt T, Wallwork J. Cytomegalovirus antibody status of donor/recipient does not influence the incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22 (3) 287-291
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 160 Keller CA, Cagle PT, Brown RW, Noon G, Frost AE. Bronchiolitis obliterans in recipients of single, double, and heart-lung transplantation. Chest 1995; 107 (4) 973-980
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Reichenspurner H, Girgis RE, Robbins RC , et al. Stanford experience with obliterative bronchiolitis after lung and heart-lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62 (5) 1467-1472 , discussion 1472–1473
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 162 Weigt SS, Elashoff RM, Keane MP , et al. Altered levels of CC chemokines during pulmonary CMV predict BOS and mortality post-lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8 (7) 1512-1522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 163 Ruttmann E, Geltner C, Bucher B , et al. Combined CMV prophylaxis improves outcome and reduces the risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2006; 81 (10) 1415-1420
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Chmiel C, Speich R, Hofer M , et al. Ganciclovir/valganciclovir prophylaxis decreases cytomegalovirus-related events and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 (6) 831-839
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 Khalifah AP, Hachem RR, Chakinala MM , et al. Respiratory viral infections are a distinct risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and death. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170 (2) 181-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 166 Kumar D, Erdman D, Keshavjee S , et al. Clinical impact of community-acquired respiratory viruses on bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplant. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (8) 2031-2036
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Kumar D, Husain S, Chen MH , et al. A prospective molecular surveillance study evaluating the clinical impact of community-acquired respiratory viruses in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 2010; 89 (8) 1028-1033
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 168 Gottlieb J, Schulz TF, Welte T , et al. Community-acquired respiratory viral infections in lung transplant recipients: a single season cohort study. Transplantation 2009; 87 (10) 1530-1537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 169 Neurohr C, Huppmann P, Leuchte H , et al; Munich Lung Transplant Group. Human herpesvirus 6 in bronchalveolar lavage fluid after lung transplantation: a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome?. Am J Transplant 2005; 5 (12) 2982-2991
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 170 Kotsimbos TC, Snell GI, Levvey B , et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae serology in donors and recipients and the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2005; 79 (3) 269-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 171 Weigt SS, Derhovanessian A, Liao E , et al. CXCR3 chemokine ligands during respiratory viral infections predict lung allograft dysfunction. Am J Transplant 2012; 12 (2) 477-484
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 172 Botha P, Archer L, Anderson RL , et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of the allograft after lung transplantation and the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2008; 85 (5) 771-774
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 173 Vos R, Vanaudenaerde BM, Geudens N, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DE, Verleden GM. Pseudomonal airway colonisation: risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation?. Eur Respir J 2008; 31 (5) 1037-1045
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 174 Gottlieb J, Mattner F, Weissbrodt H , et al. Impact of graft colonization with gram-negative bacteria after lung transplantation on the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in recipients with cystic fibrosis. Respir Med 2009; 103 (5) 743-749
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 175 Vos R, Vanaudenaerde BM, Verleden SE , et al. Diagnostic value of antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after lung transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (10) 4415-4420
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 176 Weigt SS, Elashoff RM, Huang C , et al. Aspergillus colonization of the lung allograft is a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (8) 1903-1911
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 177 Martinu T, Howell DN, Davis RD, Steele MP, Palmer SM. Pathologic correlates of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in pulmonary retransplant recipients. Chest 2006; 129 (4) 1016-1023
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 178 Speich R, Boehler A, Thurnheer R, Weder W. Salvage therapy with mycophenolate mofetil for lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans: importance of dosage. Transplantation 1997; 64 (3) 533-535
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 179 Whyte RI, Rossi SJ, Mulligan MS , et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for obliterative bronchiolitis syndrome after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64 (4) 945-948
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 180 Borro JM, Bravo C, Solé A , et al. Conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus stabilizes the course of lung function in lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplant Proc 2007; 39 (7) 2416-2419
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 181 Cairn J, Yek T, Banner NR, Khaghani A, Hodson ME, Yacoub M. Time-related changes in pulmonary function after conversion to tacrolimus in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22 (1) 50-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 182 Sarahrudi K, Carretta A, Wisser W , et al. The value of switching from cyclosporine to tacrolimus in the treatment of refractory acute rejection and obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. Transpl Int 2002; 15 (1) 24-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 183 Snell GI, Esmore DS, Williams TJ. Cytolytic therapy for the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome complicating lung transplantation. Chest 1996; 109 (4) 874-878
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 184 Kesten S, Rajagopalan N, Maurer J. Cytolytic therapy for the treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome following lung transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 61 (3) 427-430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 185 Reams BD, Musselwhite LW, Zaas DW , et al. Alemtuzumab in the treatment of refractory acute rejection and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after human lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (12) 2802-2808
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 186 Gerhardt SG, McDyer JF, Girgis RE, Conte JV, Yang SC, Orens JB. Maintenance azithromycin therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: results of a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168 (1) 121-125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 187 Gottlieb J, Szangolies J, Koehnlein T, Golpon H, Simon A, Welte T. Long-term azithromycin for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85 (1) 36-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 188 Porhownik NR, Batobara W, Kepron W, Unruh HW, Bshouty Z. Effect of maintenance azithromycin on established bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant patients. Can Respir J 2008; 15 (4) 199-202
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 189 Shitrit D, Bendayan D, Gidon S, Saute M, Bakal I, Kramer MR. Long-term azithromycin use for treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24 (9) 1440-1443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 190 Yates B, Murphy DM, Forrest IA , et al. Azithromycin reverses airflow obstruction in established bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172 (6) 772-775
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 191 Vanaudenaerde BM, Meyts I, Vos R , et al. A dichotomy in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation revealed by azithromycin therapy. Eur Respir J 2008; 32 (4) 832-843
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 192 Corris P, Small T, Ryan V , et al. A Randomised Controlled Trial Of Azithromycin Therapy In Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) Post Lung Transplantation [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185: A5324
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 193 Knobler R. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy—present and future. Vox Sang 2000; 78 (Suppl. 02) 197-201
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 194 Rook AH, Cohen JH, Lessin SR, Vowels BR. Therapeutic applications of photopheresis. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11 (2) 339-347
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 195 Barr ML, Meiser BM, Eisen HJ , et al; Photopheresis Transplantation Study Group. Photopheresis for the prevention of rejection in cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 1998; 339 (24) 1744-1751
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 196 Costanzo-Nordin MR, Hubbell EA, O'Sullivan EJ , et al. Successful treatment of heart transplant rejection with photopheresis. Transplantation 1992; 53 (4) 808-815
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 197 Benden C, Speich R, Hofbauer GF , et al. Extracorporeal photopheresis after lung transplantation: a 10-year single-center experience. Transplantation 2008; 86 (11) 1625-1627
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 198 Jaksch P, Scheed A, Keplinger M , et al. A prospective interventional study on the use of extracorporeal photopheresis in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31 (9) 950-957
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 199 Morrell MR, Despotis GJ, Lublin DM, Patterson GA, Trulock EP, Hachem RR. The efficacy of photopheresis for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29 (4) 424-431
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 200 George JF, Gooden CW, Guo L, Kirklin JK. Role for CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in inhibition of graft rejection by extracorporeal photopheresis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27 (6) 616-622
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 201 Davis Jr RD, Lau CL, Eubanks S , et al. Improved lung allograft function after fundoplication in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease undergoing lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125 (3) 533-542
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 202 Brugière O, Thabut G, Castier Y , et al. Lung retransplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: long-term follow-up in a series of 15 recipients. Chest 2003; 123 (6) 1832-1837
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 203 Kawut SM, Lederer DJ, Keshavjee S , et al. Outcomes after lung retransplantation in the modern era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177 (1) 114-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 204 Palmer SM, Miralles AP, Lawrence CM, Gaynor JW, Davis RD, Tapson VF. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin decreases acute rejection after lung transplantation: results of a randomized, prospective study. Chest 1999; 116 (1) 127-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 205 Hartwig MG, Snyder LD, Appel III JZ , et al. Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin induction therapy does not prolong survival after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27 (5) 547-553
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 206 Ailawadi G, Smith PW, Oka T , et al. Effects of induction immunosuppression regimen on acute rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans, and survival after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 135 (3) 594-602
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 207 Garrity Jr ER, Villanueva J, Bhorade SM, Husain AN, Vigneswaran WT. Low rate of acute lung allograft rejection after the use of daclizumab, an interleukin 2 receptor antibody. Transplantation 2001; 71 (6) 773-777
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 208 Lischke R, Simonek J, Davidová R , et al. Induction therapy in lung transplantation: initial single-center experience comparing daclizumab and antithymocyte globulin. Transplant Proc 2007; 39 (1) 205-212
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 209 Brock MV, Borja MC, Ferber L , et al. Induction therapy in lung transplantation: a prospective, controlled clinical trial comparing OKT3, anti-thymocyte globulin, and daclizumab. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20 (12) 1282-1290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 210 McCurry KR, Iacono A, Zeevi A , et al. Early outcomes in human lung transplantation with Thymoglobulin or Campath-1H for recipient pretreatment followed by posttransplant tacrolimus near-monotherapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 130 (2) 528-537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 211 Shyu S, Dew MA, Pilewski JM , et al. Five-year outcomes with alemtuzumab induction after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30 (7) 743-754
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 212 McNeil K, Glanville AR, Wahlers T , et al. Comparison of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine for prevention of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in de novo lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 2006; 81 (7) 998-1003
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 213 Keenan RJ, Konishi H, Kawai A , et al. Clinical trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60 (3) 580-584 , discussion 584–585
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 214 Treede H, Klepetko W, Reichenspurner H , et al; Munich and Vienna Lung Transplant Group. Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine after lung transplantation: a prospective, open, randomized two-center trial comparing two different immunosuppressive protocols. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20 (5) 511-517
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 215 Hachem RR, Yusen RD, Chakinala MM , et al. A randomized controlled trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26 (10) 1012-1018
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 216 Treede H, Glanville AR, Klepetko W , et al; European and Australian Investigators in Lung Transplantation. Tacrolimus and cyclosporine have differential effects on the risk of development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: results of a prospective, randomized international trial in lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31 (8) 797-804
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 217 Levy G, Thervet E, Lake J, Uchida K. Consensus on Neoral C(2): Expert Review in Transplantation (CONCERT) Group. Patient management by Neoral C(2) monitoring: an international consensus statement. Transplantation 2002; 73 (9, Suppl): S12-S18
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 218 Snell GI, Valentine VG, Vitulo P , et al; RAD B159 Study Group. Everolimus versus azathioprine in maintenance lung transplant recipients: an international, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Am J Transplant 2006; 6 (1) 169-177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 219 Dutly AE, Gaspert A, Inci I, Schneiter D, Korom S, Weder W. The influence of the rapamycin-derivate SDZ RAD on the healing of airway anastomoses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003; 24 (1) 154-158 , discussion 158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 220 Scott JP, Smyth RL, Higenbottam T, Mullins P, Solis E, Wallwork J. Transbronchial biopsy after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 101 (5) 935-937
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 221 Kukafka DS, O'Brien GM, Furukawa S, Criner GJ. Surveillance bronchoscopy in lung transplant recipients. Chest 1997; 111 (2) 377-381
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 222 Arcasoy SM, Berry G, Marboe CC , et al. Pathologic interpretation of transbronchial biopsy for acute rejection of lung allograft is highly variable. Am J Transplant 2011; 11 (2) 320-328
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 223 Stephenson A, Flint J, English J , et al. Interpretation of transbronchial lung biopsies from lung transplant recipients: inter- and intraobserver agreement. Can Respir J 2005; 12 (2) 75-77
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 224 Hopkins PM, Aboyoun CL, Chhajed PN , et al. Prospective analysis of 1,235 transbronchial lung biopsies in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21 (10) 1062-1067
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 225 Valentine VG, Gupta MR, Weill D , et al. Single-institution study evaluating the utility of surveillance bronchoscopy after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28 (1) 14-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 226 Levine SM. Transplant/Immunology Network of the American College of Chest Physicians. A survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America. Chest 2004; 125 (4) 1224-1238
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 227 Sayegh MH, Fine NA, Smith JL, Rennke HG, Milford EL, Tilney NL. Immunologic tolerance to renal allografts after bone marrow transplants from the same donors. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114 (11) 954-955
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 228 Scandling JD, Busque S, Dejbakhsh-Jones S , et al. Tolerance and chimerism after renal and hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (4) 362-368
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 229 Kawai T, Cosimi AB, Spitzer TR , et al. HLA-mismatched renal transplantation without maintenance immunosuppression. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (4) 353-361
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 230 Leventhal J, Abecassis M, Miller J , et al. Chimerism and tolerance without GVHD or engraftment syndrome in HLA-mismatched combined kidney and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4 (124) 24ra28
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 231 Pham SM, Rao AS, Zeevi A , et al. Effects of donor bone marrow infusion in clinical lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69 (2) 345-350
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar