Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2013; 217(01): 7-13
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1333215
Übersicht
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Die geplante Hausgeburt in industrialisierten Ländern: Bürokratische Traumvorstellung vs. professionelle Verantwortlichkeit

Planned Non-Hospital Births in Industrialized Countries: Bureaucratic Dream vs. Professional Responsibility
B. Arabin
1   Mutter-Kind Zentrum Philipps Universität Marburg in Kooperation mit der Clara Angela Foundation Berlin/Witten
,
F. A. Chervenak
2   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
,
L. B. McCullough
3   The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

eingereicht 17 October 2012

angenommen nach Überarbeitung14 December 2012

Publication Date:
25 February 2013 (online)

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel reflektiert, inwieweit außerklinische Geburten wie Hausgeburten und Geburten in sogenannten Geburtshäusern eine primär anzustrebende Geburtsform in westlichen Ländern sein sollte. Die Befürworter der nicht-klinischen Geburten argumentieren mit Patientensicherheit, Kostenersparnis, Zufriedenheit und dem Respekt für den Wunsch der Patientinnen. Positive Rechte der Mütter haben jedoch im Interesse der Kinder auch Grenzen.

Basierend auf eigenen Erfahrungen und wissenschaftlichen Studien, die kritisch beleuchtet werden, hinterfragen wir die sachliche Aufklärung der Öffentlichkeit und der betroffenen Schwangeren.

Wir versuchen aufzuzeigen, dass die primär geplante außerklinische Geburt zwar eine verständliche, aber keine professionelle Antwort darstellt, um auf die zunehmend invasive Geburtsmedizin in den Kliniken, die sich in steigenden Kaiserschnittraten und fehlender Geduld zur vaginalen Geburt widerspiegelt, zu reagieren.

Komplikationen außerhalb einer Geburtsklinik enden unvermeidlich mit einem Transport in eine Klinik. Dies stellt für Kind und Mutter eine unnötige Gefahr dar. Daher hinterfragen wir die Pa­tientensicherheit, die Patientenzufriedenheit und die „Kostenersparnis“ der geplanten außerklinischen Geburt. Bezweifelt wird, dass bürokratische Qualitätskriterien, wie sie in Deutschland auch für die nicht-klinische Geburtshilfe eingeführt wurden, hieran etwas Wesentliches ändern, sondern eher eine bürokratische „Scheinqualität“ vorgeben.

Evidenzbasierte Untersuchungen zeigen, dass moderne Kenntnisse des Geburtsverlaufs, sonografische Untersuchungen, aber auch liebevolle Zuwendung unter der Geburt die Rate operativer Entbindungen reduzieren können. Leider werden diese Tatsachen ungenügend verbreitet. Sie sind aber beste Argumente, um die Begleitung der Geburt in ein kooperatives Modell von Hebammen und Geburtsmedizinern innerhalb der Klinikmauern zu legen.

Es wird daher an die Entscheidungsträger sowie an Geburts­mediziner und Hebammen appelliert, die Zahlen in der Literatur fachkundig zu analysieren und die primäre Hausgeburt weder aktiv zu propagieren noch in Studiensituationen zu evaluieren. Stattdessen empfehlen wir, nach Alternativen einer hausgeburtähnlichen Betreuung innerhalb der Kliniken zu streben, wobei alle gemeinsamen Kräfte gebündelt werden, um eine unnötig invasive Geburtsmedizin zu vermeiden und Schwangere und Kind optimal zu betreuen, ohne es an Zuwendung und Sicherheit mangeln zu lassen.

Abstract

This article addresses in how far planned non-hospital births should be an alternative to planned hospital births. Advocates of planned non-hospital deliveries have emphasised patient safety, patient satisfaction, cost effectiveness, and respect for women’s rights. We provide a critical evaluation of each of these claims and have doubts that the information available for the pregnant women and the public is in accord with professional responsibility. We understand that the increasing rates of interventions and operative deliveries in hospital births demand an answer, but we doubt that planned home birth is the appropriate professional solution. Complications during non-hospital births inevitably demand a transport of mother and child to a perinatal centre. The time delay by itself is an unnecessary risk for both and this cannot be abolished by bureaucratic quality criteria as introduced for non-hospital births in Germany. Evidence-based studies have shown that modern knowledge of the course of delivery including ultrasound as well as intensive care during the delivery all reduce the rate of operative deliveries. Unfortunately, this is not well-known and only rarely considered during any delivery. All these facts, however, are the best arguments to find a cooperative model within perinatal centres to combine the art of midwifery with modern science, reduction of pain and perinatal care of the pregnant women before, during and after birth. We therefore call on obstetricians, midwifes and health-care providers as well as health politicians to carefully analyse the studies from Western countries showing increasing risks if the model of intention-to-treat is considered and accoordingly not to support planned non-hospital births nor to include these models into prospective trials. Alternatively, we recommend the introduction of a home-like climate within hospitals and perinatal centres, to avoid unnecessary invasive measures and to really care for the pregnant mother before, during and after delivery within a cooperative model without the lack of patient safety for both mother and child in case of impending or acute emergencies.

 
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