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DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1281736
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Ärztliche Indikation beim „Wachkoma”
Best Interests in the ‘Vegetative State’Publication History
Publication Date:
11 October 2011 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Für Patienten im „Wachkoma” müssen Therapieentscheidungen nicht selten allein nach der ärztlichen Indikation getroffen werden, da der Patientenwille häufig unbekannt ist. In der Ärzteschaft herrscht große Unsicherheit, welche Maßnahmen in dieser Situation (noch) indiziert sind. Vor dem Hintergrund aktueller neurowissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse wird aufgezeigt, was die Indikationsstellung beim Wachkoma berücksichtigen muss und wie eine ethisch begründete Entscheidung erreicht werden kann. Wichtige Elemente sind eine sorgfältige Diagnostik mittels validierter behavioraler Skalen, eine fundierte Einschätzung über die Existenz von Bewusstsein und Empfindungsfähigkeit sowie eine frühzeitige Eingrenzung der Prognose. Da neue bildgebende Verfahren und Therapieoptionen mangels Evidenz noch nicht klinischer Standard sind, muss die Indikation im Kontext von Unsicherheit gestellt werden. Leitfrage sollte sein, ob das gewünschte Therapieziel mit einer realistischen Wahrscheinlichkeit und einem vertretbaren Nutzen-Schadens-Verhältnis erreichbar ist. Dies muss in Bezug auf den individuellen Patienten unter Berücksichtigung seiner Persönlichkeit und im Dialog mit den Angehörigen beurteilt werden. Daher kann es keine generelle Antwort auf die Frage nach der Indikation beim Wachkoma geben, sondern stets nur eine Antwort in gemeinsamer Verantwortung aus dem Einzelfall heraus.
Abstract
Treatment decisions for patients in the vegetative state often have to be based on the patient’s best interests, if the patient’s will is not known. Physicians are, however, highly uncertain what kind of treatment is in such a difficult situation the patient’s best interests. This article presents new insights from neuroscience and shows how treatment decision making should proceed to reach an ethically justified decision. Pivotal elements are a careful diagnosis using validated behavioural scales, an informed judgment about the existence of awareness and sentience, and an early prognostic assessment. As new imaging techniques and treatment options are not yet clinical standard due to low evidence, the best interests have to be judged in the context of uncertainty. The leading question should be whether the preferred treatment goal can be achieved with a realistic probability and a justifiable benefit-harm-ratio. This has to be judged for the individual patient, considering his personality and communicating with the family members. There cannot be a general answer to the question of best interests in the vegetative state, but only an individual answer in shared responsibility and based on the particular features of a special case.
Schlüsselwörter
Wachkoma - minimalbewusster Zustand - Entscheidungen am Lebensende - Indikation - Neuroethik
Keywords
vegetative state - minimally conscious state - end-of-life decisions - best interests - neuroethics
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Dr. Dr. Ralf J. Jox
Institut für Ethik, Geschichte und Theorie der Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
Lessingstraße 2
80336 München
Email: ralf.jox@med.lmu.de