Die Leber als immunologisches Organ

Zusammenfassung

Die Transplantation von Lebern erzeugt in manchen Spezies eine Antigen-spezifische Toleranz. Ebenso scheint die Leber eine wichtige Rolle in der oralen Toleranz zu spielen, aber die genauen Mechanismen, wie die Leber Toleranz induziert, sind nach wie vor nicht vollständig geklärt. Neben den ungewöhnlichen Effektorzellen des angeborenen Immunsystems zeichnet sich die Leber insbesondere durch eine Ansammlung von CD 8 + -T-Zellen mit aktiviertem und präapoptotischem Phänotyp aus. In diesem Artikel diskutieren wir die unterschiedlichen Hypothesen, die diesen Phänotyp zu erklären versuchen. Insbesondere werden die unterschiedlichen Zellpopulationen der Leber, die als Antigen-präsentierende Zellen (APC) für naive T-Zellen infrage kommen, dargestellt. Interessanterweise scheinen die verschiedenen APC unterschiedliche Mechanismen zu verwenden, um Toleranz zu induzieren, wobei Ito-Zellen sogar eine effektive Immunantwort in der Leber initiieren konnten.

Abstract

In many species, liver transplants induce antigen-specific immunological tolerance. Furthermore, the liver seems to play an important role in oral tolerance although the exact mechanisms as to how the liver induces immunological tolerance still need to be defined. Apart from the presence of an unusual subset of effector cells of the innate immune system, the liver is rich in CD 8 + T cells with an activated and preapoptotic phenotype. In this article, we discuss the suggested hypothesis to explain this phenotype. In addition, we discuss the different cell types that have been suggested to serve as antigen-presenting cells (APC) for naïve T cells. Interestingly, different APCs seem to use different mechanisms to induce tolerance while hepatic stellate cells were reported to induce an effective immune response.

Schlüsselwörter

Leber - T-Zellen - Toleranz

Key words

liver - T cells - tolerance

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