Gendoping – aktuelle Möglichkeiten, Risiken und Präventionskonzepte

Zusammenfassung

Mit dem Voranschreiten der Gentherapie wachsen die Ängste um den Missbrauch zu Dopingzwecken. Das durch die WADA definierte Gendoping grenzt sich streng von der Gentherapie ab. Man unterscheidet in vivo und ex vivo Methoden, um in verschiedene Phasen der Genexpression im Organismus Manipulationen durchführen zu können, als effizienteste werden virale Vektoren angesehen. Wichtigste Ansatzpunkte der Forschung sind IGF-1, PPARδ, MSTN und EPO, deren Potenzial teilweise in Tierversuchen zu signifikanten Leistungsverbesserungen führte. Mögliche Risiken für den menschlichen Anwender liegen in heftigen Immunreaktionen, Mutagenese und erhöhtem Krebsrisiko. Große Bemühungen werden in die Entwicklung von Nachweismethoden verwendet, aktuell gibt es jedoch noch keine praktikablen Kontrollmethoden oder dokumentierte Fälle von manipulierten Menschen. Eine bereits erfolgte Anwendung von Gendoping ist dennoch nicht auszuschließen und hochwahrscheinlich.

Abstract

With the advances in gene therapy fears of an abuse in sports arise. The WADA’s definition of the term strictly differentiates between gene doping and gene therapy. There are in vivo and ex vivo practices to manipulate the different phases of gene expression in the organism, with viral vectors being looked upon as the most efficient ones. IGF-1, PPARδ, MSTN and EPO play the most important roles in today’s scientific research. Their potential was proven in various animal studies, showing a significant improvement of performances. Potential risks for human users include severe immune reactions, mutagenesis, and raised risk for cancer. Big efforts are being put into the development of ways of detection, however until now there are neither practicable methods of control nor any reported cases of manipulated humans. Still, a usage of gene doping that has already taken place cannot be ruled out and is highly likely.

Schlüsselwörter

Gendoping - Gentherapie - Sport - Dopingprävention - Dopingkontrollen

Key words

gene doping - sports - gene therapy - doping prevention - doping control

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