Download PDF
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2010; 78(8): 445-455
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1245500
Übersicht

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Therapie autonomer Dysfunktion bei Patienten mit extrapyramidalen Erkrankungen

Treatment of Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Extrapyramidal DisordersC. Friedrich1 , H. Reichmann1 , T. Ziemssen1
  • 1Autonomes und neuroendokrinologisches Funktionslabor, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
20 July 2010 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints
Preview

Zusammenfassung

Obwohl allgemein angenommen wird, dass extrapyramidale Krankheiten allein das (extrapyramidal) motorische System beeinflussen, werden häufig nicht motorische Symptome wie Verhaltensauffälligkeiten, Dysautonomien, Schlafstörungen und sensorische Störungen beobachtet. Autonome Dysfunktionen sind wichtiger Bestandteil extrapyramidaler Erkrankungen (wie des idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndroms, der Multisystematrophie, der progressiven supranukleären Blickparese, der Lewy-Body-Demenz), dennoch werden sie oft formal nicht mit bewertet und daher häufig falsch diagnostiziert. Aber gerade die Symptome der Störungen des autonomen Nervensystems nehmen im Allgemeinen mehr Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität als die motorischen Symptome. Eine geeignete symptomorientierte Diagnostik und eine symptomatische Behandlung als Teil einer interdisziplinären Herangehensweise können von größtem Nutzen für die Patienten sein. Leider sind doppelblinde, randomisierte, kontrollierte Studien selten, was zur Folge hat, dass die meisten Empfehlungen nicht evidenzbasiert sind.

Abstract

Although extrapyramidal diseases are commonly thought to solely affect the (extrapyramidal) motor system, non-motor symptoms such as behavioural abnormalities, dysautonomia, sleep disturbances and sensory dysfunctions are also frequently observed. Autonomic dysfunction as an important clinical component of extrapyramidal disease (idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies) is often not formally assessed and thus frequently misdiagnosed. Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction in general impact more on quality of life than motor symptoms. Appropriate symptom-oriented diagnosis and symptomatic treatment as part of an interdisciplinary approach can provide a great benefit for the patient. Unfortunately, double-blind, randomised, controlled studies are scarce with the consequence that most recommendations are not based on the highest level of evidence. This review presents a limited overview on the treatment of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital and sudomotor autonomic dysfunctions in various extrapyramidal syndromes.

Schlüsselwörter

extrapyramidale Erkrankungen - Morbus Parkinson - autonome Dysfunktion - Multisystematrophie

Keywords

extrapyramidal disease - Parkinson’s disease - autonomic dysfunction - multiple system atrophy

Literatur

  • 1 Parkinson J. An essay on shaking palsy. London: Sherwood, Neely and Jones; 1817
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 2 Ziemssen T, Reichmann H. Non-motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease.  Parkinsonism & related disorders. 2007;  13 (6) 323-332
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 3 Ziemssen T, Schmidt C, Herting B et al. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease and Multiple System Atrophy.  Akt Neurol. 2006;  33 385-393
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 4 Reichmann H, Ziemssen T. Treatment strategies for nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease.  Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2009;  10 (5) 773-784
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 5 Witjas T, Kaphan E, Azulay J P et al. Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease: frequent and disabling.  Neurology. 2002;  59 (3) 408-413
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 6 Lewy F H. Zur pathologischen Anatomie der Paralysis agitans.  Dtsch Z Nervenheilk. 1913;  50 50-55
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 7 Wenning G K, Ben-Shlomo Y, Hughes A et al. What clinical features are most useful to distinguish definite multiple system atrophy from Parkinson’s disease?.  Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2000;  68 (4) 434-440
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 8 Appenzeller O, Goss J E. Autonomic deficits in Parkinson’s syndrome.  Archives of neurology. 1971;  24 (1) 50-57
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 9 Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Yamanishi T et al. Bladder and bowel dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease.  J Neural Transm. 2008;  115 (3) 443-460
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 10 Jost W H. Autonomic dysfunctions in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.  Journal of neurology. 2003;  250 (Suppl 1) I28-30
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 11 Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U et al. Stages in the development of Parkinson’s disease-related pathology.  Cell and tissue research. 2004;  318 (1) 121-134
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 12 Polinsky R J. Clinical autonomic neuropharmacology.  Neurologic clinics. 1990;  8 (1) 77-92
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 13 Thanvi B R, Lo T C. Long term motor complications of levodopa: clinical features, mechanisms, and management strategies.  Postgraduate medical journal. 2004;  80 (946) 452-458
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 14 Jost W H. Gastrointestinal motility problems in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Effects of antiparkinsonian treatment and guidelines for management.  Drugs & aging. 1997;  10 (4) 249-258
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 15 Korchounov A, Kessler K R, Schipper H I. Differential effects of various treatment combinations on cardiovascular dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease.  Acta neurologica Scandinavica. 2004;  109 (1) 45-51
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 16 Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H. Cellular pathology in multiple system atrophy.  Neuropathology. 2006;  26 (4) 338-345
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 17 Schmidt C, Herting B, Prieur S et al. Autonomic dysfunction in different subtypes of multiple system atrophy.  Movement disorders. 2008;  23 (12) 1766-1772
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 18 Magalhaes M, Wenning G K, Daniel S E et al. Autonomic dysfunction in pathologically confirmed multiple system atrophy and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease – a retrospective comparison.  Acta neurologica Scandinavica. 1995;  91 (2) 98-102
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 19 Reimann M, Schmidt C, Herting B et al. Comprehensive autonomic assessment does not differentiate between Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy.  J Neural Transm. 2010;  117 (1) 69-76
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 20 Kimber J, Mathias C J, Lees A J et al. Physiological, pharmacological and neurohormonal assessment of autonomic function in progressive supranuclear palsy.  Brain. 2000;  123 (Pt 7) 1422-1430
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 21 Wenning G K, Scherfler C, Granata R et al. Time course of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension and urinary incontinence in patients with postmortem confirmed parkinsonian syndromes: a clinicopathological study.  Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 1999;  67 (5) 620-623
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 22 Schmidt C, Herting B, Prieur S et al. Pupil diameter in darkness differentiates progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from other extrapyramidal syndromes.  Mov Disord. 2007;  22 (14) 2123-2126
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 23 Schmidt C, Herting B, Prieur S et al. Autonomic dysfunction in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy.  Mov Disord. 2008;  23 (14) 2083-2089
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 24 Hanson J C, Lippa C F. Lewy body dementia.  Int Rev Neurobiol. 2009;  84 215-228
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 25 Kaufmann H, Nahm K, Purohit D et al. Autonomic failure as the initial presentation of Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.  Neurology. 2004;  63 (6) 1093-1095
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 26 Oka H, Morita M, Onouchi K et al. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease.  Journal of the neurological sciences. 2007;  254 (1 – 2) 72-77
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 27 Thaisetthawatkul P, Boeve B F, Benarroch E E et al. Autonomic dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies.  Neurology. 2004;  62 (10) 1804-1809
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 28 Mitsui J, Saito Y, Momose T et al. Pathology of the sympathetic nervous system corresponding to the decreased cardiac uptake in 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy in a patient with Parkinson disease.  Journal of the neurological sciences. 2006;  243 (1 – 2) 101-104
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 29 Nakajima K, Yoshita M, Matsuo S et al. Iodine-123-MIBG sympathetic imaging in Lewy-body diseases and related movement disorders.  Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;  52 (4) 378-387
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 30 Goldstein D S, Holmes C, Li S T et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease.  Annals of internal medicine. 2000;  133 (5) 338-347
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 31 Kollensperger M, Seppi K, Liener C et al. Diffusion weighted imaging best discriminates PD from MSA-P: A comparison with tilt table testing and heart MIBG scintigraphy.  Mov Disord. 2007;  22 (12) 1771-1776
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 32 Braak H, Bohl J R, Muller C M et al. Stanley Fahn Lecture 2005: The staging procedure for the inclusion body pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson’s disease reconsidered.  Mov Disord. 2006;  21 (12) 2042-2051
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 33 Goldstein D S. Dysautonomia in Parkinson’s disease: neurocardiological abnormalities.  Lancet neurology. 2003;  2 (11) 669-676
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 34 Oka H, Yoshioka M, Morita M et al. Reduced cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake reflects cardiac sympathetic dysfunction in Lewy body disease.  Neurology. 2007;  69 (14) 1460-1465
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 35 Rub U, Del Tredici K, Schultz C et al. Progressive supranuclear palsy: neuronal and glial cytoskeletal pathology in the higher order processing autonomic nuclei of the lower brainstem.  Neuropathology and applied neurobiology. 2002;  28 (1) 12-22
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 36 Robertson D. The pathophysiology and diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension.  Clin Auton Res. 2008;  18 (Suppl 1) 2-7
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 37 Peralta C, Stampfer-Kountchev M, Karner E et al. Orthostatic hypotension and attention in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia.  J Neural Transm. 2007;  114 (5) 585-588
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 38 Bleasdale-Barr K M, Mathias C J. Neck and other muscle pains in autonomic failure: their association with orthostatic hypotension.  Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1998;  91 (7) 355-359
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 39 Goldstein D S, Holmes C S, Dendi R et al. Orthostatic hypotension from sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease.  Neurology. 2002;  58 (8) 1247-1255
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 40 Churchyard A, Mathias C J, Boonkongchuen P et al. Autonomic effects of selegiline: possible cardiovascular toxicity in Parkinson’s disease.  Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 1997;  63 (2) 228-234
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 41 Chaudhuri K R, Ellis C, Love-Jones S et al. Postprandial hypotension and parkinsonian state in Parkinson’s disease.  Mov Disord. 1997;  12 (6) 877-884
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 42 Jansen R W, Lipsitz L A. Postprandial hypotension: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management.  Annals of internal medicine. 1995;  122 (4) 286-295
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 43 Kaufmann H. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy.  Clin Auton Res. 1996;  6 (2) 125-126
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 44 Schmidt C, Herting B, Prieur S et al. Valsalva manoeuvre in patients with extrapyramidal disease.  J Neural Transm. 2009;  116 (7) 875-880
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 45 Maule S, Papotti G, Naso D et al. Orthostatic hypotension: evaluation and treatment.  Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets. 2007;  7 (1) 63-70
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 46 Freeman R. Clinical practice. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.  The New England journal of medicine. 2008;  358 (6) 615-624
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 47 Lamarre-Cliche M, Souich P, Champlain J et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of midodrine on blood pressure, the autonomic nervous system, and plasma natriuretic peptides: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, two-period, crossover, placebo-controlled study.  Clin Ther. 2008;  30 (9) 1629-1638
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 48 Mathias C J, Senard J M, Braune S et al. L-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-threo-DOPS, droxidopa) in the management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a multi-national, multi-center, dose-ranging study in multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure.  Clin Auton Res. 2001;  11 (4) 235-242
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 49 Pathak A, Raoul V, Montastruc J L et al. Adverse drug reactions related to drugs used in orthostatic hypotension: a prospective and systematic pharmacovigilance study in France.  European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2005;  61 (5 – 6) 471-474
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 50 Goldstein D S, Pechnik S, Holmes C et al. Association between supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure.  Hypertension. 2003;  42 (2) 136-142
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 51 Friedrich C, Rudiger H, Schmidt C et al. Baroreflex sensitivity and power spectral analysis in different extrapyramidal syndromes.  J Neural Transm. 2008;  115 (11) 1527-1536
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 52 Friedrich C, Rudiger H, Schmidt C et al. Baroreflex sensitivity and power spectral analysis during autonomic testing in different extrapyramidal syndromes.  Mov Disord. 2010;  25 (3) 315-324
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 53 Schatz I J. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality. Lessons from the Honolulu Heart Program.  Clin Auton Res. 2002;  12 (4) 223-224
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 54 Ejaz A A, Kazory A, Heinig M E. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension.  Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn. 2007;  9 (12) 952-955
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 55 Schmidt C, Herting B, Prieur S et al. Loss of nocturnal blood pressure fall in various extrapyramidal syndromes.  Mov Disord. 2009;  24 (14) 2136-2142
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 56 Ziemssen T, Reichmann H. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease.  J Neurol Sci. 2009;  289 (1 – 2) 74-80
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 57 Pathak A, Senard J M. Blood pressure disorders during Parkinson’s disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management.  Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2006;  6 (8) 1173-1180
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 58 Shibao C, Gamboa A, Abraham R et al. Clonidine for the treatment of supine hypertension and pressure natriuresis in autonomic failure.  Hypertension. 2006;  47 (3) 522-526
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 59 Shibao C, Gamboa A, Diedrich A et al. Management of hypertension in the setting of autonomic dysfunction.  Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine. 2006;  8 (2) 105-109
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 60 Camerlingo M, Ferraro B, Gazzaniga G C et al. Cardiovascular reflexes in Parkinson’s disease: long-term effects of levodopa treatment on de novo patients.  Acta neurologica Scandinavica. 1990;  81 (4) 346-348
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 61 Sachs C, Berglund B, Kaijser L. Autonomic cardiovascular responses in parkinsonism: effect of levodopa with dopa-decarboxylase inhibition.  Acta neurologica Scandinavica. 1985;  71 (1) 37-42
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 62 Goetz C G, Lutge W, Tanner C M. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease.  Neurology. 1986;  36 (1) 73-75
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 63 Kuroiwa Y, Shimada Y, Toyokura Y. Postural hypotension and low R-R interval variability in parkinsonism, spino-cerebellar degeneration, and Shy-Drager syndrome.  Neurology. 1983;  33 (4) 463-467
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 64 Andersen E B, Boesen F. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes in Parkinson’s disease with autonomic dysfunction.  Clin Auton Res. 1997;  7(1) 5-11
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 65 Quinn N, Illas A, Lhermitte F et al. Bromocriptine in Parkinson’s disease: a study of cardiovascular effects.  Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 1981;  44 (5) 426-429
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 66 Greenacre J K, Coxon A, Petrie A et al. Comparison of levodopa with carbidopa or benserazide in parkinsonism.  Lancet. 1976;  2 (7982) 381-384
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 67 Tanner C M, Goetz C G, Glantz R H et al. Pergolide mesylate and idiopathic Parkinson disease.  Neurology. 1982;  32 (10) 1175-1179
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 68 LeWitt P A, Burns R S, Calne D B. Lisuride treatment in Parkinson’s disease: clinical and pharmacokinetic studies.  Advances in neurology. 1983;  37 131-140
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 69 Kujawa K, Leurgans S, Raman R et al. Acute orthostatic hypotension when starting dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease.  Archives of neurology. 2000;  57 (10) 1461-1463
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 70 Turkka J, Suominen K, Tolonen U et al. Selegiline diminishes cardiovascular autonomic responses in Parkinson’s disease.  Neurology. 1997;  48 (3) 662-667
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 71 Pfeiffer R F. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease.  Lancet neurology. 2003;  2 (2) 107-116
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 72 Lieberman A N, Horowitz L, Redmond P et al. Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease.  The American journal of gastroenterology. 1980;  74 (2) 157-160
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 73 Ekberg O, Hamdy S, Woisard V et al. Social and psychological burden of dysphagia: its impact on diagnosis and treatment.  Dysphagia. 2002;  17 (2) 139-146
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 74 Baijens L W, Speyer R. Effects of therapy for dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease: systematic review.  Dysphagia. 2009;  24 (1) 91-102
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 75 Hunter P C, Crameri J, Austin S et al. Response of parkinsonian swallowing dysfunction to dopaminergic stimulation.  Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 1997;  63 (5) 579-583
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 76 Pal P K, Calne D B, Calne S et al. Botulinum toxin A as treatment for drooling saliva in PD.  Neurology. 2000;  54 (1) 244-247
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 77 Logemann J A, Gensler G, Robbins J et al. A randomized study of three interventions for aspiration of thin liquids in patients with dementia or Parkinson’s disease.  J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008;  51 (1) 173-183
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 78 Djaldetti R, Baron J, Ziv I et al. Gastric emptying in Parkinson’s disease: patients with and without response fluctuations.  Neurology. 1996;  46 (4) 1051-1054
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 79 Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Ohama E et al. Lewy bodies in the visceral autonomic nervous system in Parkinson’s disease.  Advances in neurology. 1993;  60 609-612
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 80 Sage J I, Mark M H. Basic mechanisms of motor fluctuations.  Neurology. 1994;  44 (7 Suppl 6) S10-S14
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 81 Robertson D R, Renwick A G, Macklin B et al. The influence of levodopa on gastric emptying in healthy elderly volunteers.  European journal of clinical pharmacology. 1992;  42 (4) 409-412
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 82 Friedenberg F K, Parkman H P. Advances in the management of gastroparesis.  Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2007;  10 (4) 283-293
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 83 Friedenberg F K, Parkman H P. Delayed gastric emptying: whom to test, how to test, and what to do.  Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006;  9 (4) 295-304
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 84 Jost W H, Schimrigk K. Long-term results with cisapride in Parkinson’s disease.  Mov Disord. 1997;  12 (3) 423-425
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 85 Barone J A. Domperidone: a peripherally acting dopamine2-receptor antagonist.  The Annals of pharmacotherapy. 1999;  33 (4) 429-440
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 86 Lertxundi U, Peral J, Mora O et al. Antidopaminergic therapy for managing comorbidities in patients with Parkinson’s disease.  Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;  65 (5) 414-419
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 87 Rabine J C, Barnett J L. Management of the patient with gastroparesis.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;  32 (1) 11-18
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 88 Maranki J, Parkman H P. Gastric electric stimulation for the treatment of gastroparesis.  Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;  9 (4) 286-294
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 89 Abbott R D, Petrovitch H, White L R et al. Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson’s disease.  Neurology. 2001;  57 (3) 456-462
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 90 Benarroch E E, Schmeichel A M, Sandroni P et al. Involvement of vagal autonomic nuclei in multiple system atrophy and Lewy body disease.  Neurology. 2006;  66 (3) 378-383
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 91 Zangaglia R, Martignoni E, Glorioso M et al. Macrogol for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson’s disease. A randomized placebo-controlled study.  Mov Disord. 2007;  22 (9) 1239-1244
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 92 Edwards L L, Pfeiffer R F, Quigley E M et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.  Mov Disord. 1991;  6 (2) 151-156
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 93 Stocchi F, Badiali D, Vacca L et al. Anorectal function in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease.  Mov Disord. 2000;  15 (1) 71-76
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 94 Ashraf W, Wszolek Z K, Pfeiffer R F et al. Anorectal function in fluctuating (on-off) Parkinson’s disease: evaluation by combined anorectal manometry and electromyography.  Mov Disord. 1995;  10 (5) 650-657
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 95 Albanese A, Brisinda G, Bentivoglio A R et al. Treatment of outlet obstruction constipation in Parkinson’s disease with botulinum neurotoxin A.  The American journal of gastroenterology. 2003;  98 (6) 1439-1440
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 96 McKee R F, McEnroe L, Anderson J H et al. Identification of patients likely to benefit from biofeedback for outlet obstruction constipation.  Br J Surg. 1999;  86 (3) 355-359
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 97 Micieli G, Tosi P, Marcheselli S et al. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease.  Neurol Sci. 2003;  24 Suppl 1 S32-34
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 98 Lemack G E, Dewey R B, Roehrborn C G et al. Questionnaire-based assessment of bladder dysfunction in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease.  Urology. 2000;  56 (2) 250-254
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 99 Papatsoris A G, Papapetropoulos Jr S, Singer C et al. Urinary and erectile dysfunction in multiple system atrophy (MSA).  Neurourol Urodyn. 2008;  27 (1) 22-27
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 100 Kirchhof K, Apostolidis A N, Mathias C J et al. Erectile and urinary dysfunction may be the presenting features in patients with multiple system atrophy: a retrospective study.  International journal of impotence research. 2003;  15 (4) 293-298
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 101 Andersen J T. Disturbances of bladder and urethral function in Parkinson’s disease.  International urology and nephrology. 1985;  17 (1) 35-41
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 102 Karsenty G, Corcos J, Schurch B et al. Pharmacological treatment of neurogenic detrusor hyperactivity: intradetrusor botulinum toxin A injections.  Prog Urol. 2007;  17 (3) 568-575
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 103 Stocchi F, Barbato L, Carbone A et al. Urodynamic study in the differential diagnosis between multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease.  Advances in neurology. 1993;  60 434-437
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 104 Bonnet A M, Pichon J, Vidailhet M et al. Urinary disturbances in striatonigral degeneration and Parkinson’s disease: clinical and urodynamic aspects.  Mov Disord. 1997;  12 (4) 509-513
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 105 Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Uchiyama T et al. Videourodynamic and sphincter motor unit potential analyses in Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy.  Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2001;  71 (5) 600-606
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 106 Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Uchiyama T et al. Urinary dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension in multiple system atrophy: which is the more common and earlier manifestation?.  Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2000;  68 (1) 65-69
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 107 Chandiramani V A, Palace J, Fowler C J. How to recognize patients with parkinsonism who should not have urological surgery.  British journal of urology. 1997;  80 (1) 100-104
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 108 Berger Y, Blaivas J G, DeLaRocha E R et al. Urodynamic findings in Parkinson’s disease.  The Journal of urology. 1987;  138 (4) 836-838
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 109 Yu M, Roane D M, Miner C R et al. Dimensions of sexual dysfunction in Parkinson disease.  Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;  12 (2) 221-226
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 110 Meco G, Rubino A, Caravona N et al. Sexual dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease.  Parkinsonism & related disorders. 2008;  14 (6) 451-456
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 111 Hobson P, Islam W, Roberts S et al. The risk of bladder and autonomic dysfunction in a community cohort of Parkinson’s disease patients and normal controls.  Parkinsonism & related disorders. 2003;  10 (2) 67-71
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 112 Brown E, Brown G M, Kofman O et al. Sexual function and affect in parkinsonian men treated with L-dopa.  The American journal of psychiatry. 1978;  135 (12) 1552-1555
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 113 Kaufmann H, Biaggioni I. Autonomic failure in neurodegenerative disorders.  Seminars in neurology. 2003;  23 (4) 351-363
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 114 Oertel W H, Wachter T, Quinn N P et al. Reduced genital sensitivity in female patients with multiple system atrophy of parkinsonian type.  Mov Disord. 2003;  18 (4) 430-432
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 115 Kanovsky P, Bares M, Pohanka M et al. Penile erections and hypersexuality induced by pergolide treatment in advanced, fluctuating Parkinson’s disease.  Journal of neurology. 2002;  249 (1) 112-114
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 116 O’Sullivan J D. Apomorphine as an alternative to sildenafil in Parkinson’s disease.  Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2002;  72 (5) 681
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 117 Fine J, Lang A E. Dose-induced penile erections in response to ropinirole therapy for Parkinson’s disease.  Mov Disord. 1999;  14 (4) 701-702
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 118 Pohanka M, Kanovsky P, Bares M et al. Pergolide mesylate can improve sexual dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease: the results of an open, prospective, 6-month follow-up.  Eur J Neurol. 2004;  11 (7) 483-488
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 119 Zesiewicz T A, Helal M, Hauser R A. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Parkinson’s disease.  Mov Disord. 2000;  15 (2) 305-308
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 120 Raffaele R, Vecchio I, Giammusso B et al. Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose oral sildenafil in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in depressed patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.  European urology. 2002;  41 (4) 382-386
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 121 Hussain I F, Brady C M, Swinn M J et al. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson’s disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension.  Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 2001;  71 (3) 371-374
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 122 Schestatsky P, Valls-Sole J, Ehlers J A et al. Hyperhidrosis in Parkinson’s disease.  Mov Disord. 2006;  21 (10) 1744-1748
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 123 Pursiainen V, Haapaniemi T H, Korpelainen J T et al. Sweating in Parkinsonian patients with wearing-off.  Mov Disord. 2007;  22 (6) 828-832
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 124 Swinn L, Schrag A, Viswanathan R et al. Sweating dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease.  Mov Disord. 2003;  18 (12) 1459-1463
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 125 Naumann M, Jost W. Botulinum toxin treatment of secretory disorders.  Mov Disord. 2004;  19 (Suppl 8) S137-S141
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 126 Schoffer K L, Henderson R D, O’Maley K et al. Nonpharmacological treatment, fludrocortisone, and domperidone for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease.  Mov Disord. 2007;  22 (11) 1543-1549
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 127 Kawakami K, Abe H, Harayama N et al. Successful treatment of severe orthostatic hypotension with erythropoietin.  Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003;  26 (1 Pt 1) 105-107
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 128 Mathias C J, Fosbraey P, da Costa D F et al. The effect of desmopressin on nocturnal polyuria, overnight weight loss, and morning postural hypotension in patients with autonomic failure.  British medical journal (Clinical research ed. 1986;  293 (6543) 353-354
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 129 Wittbrodt E T, Kovalick L J. The use of oral vasopressors in the management of autonomic dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension.  The Annals of pharmacotherapy. 1999;  33 (5) 565-571
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 130 Sharabi Y, Imrich R, Holmes C et al. Generalized and neurotransmitter-selective noradrenergic denervation in Parkinson’s disease with orthostatic hypotension.  Mov Disord. 2008;  23 (12) 1725-1732
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 131 Dewey R B, Rao S D, Holmburg S L et al. Ergotamine/caffeine treatment of orthostatic hypotension in parkinsonism with autonomic failure.  Eur J Neurol. 1998;  5 (6) 593-599
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 132 Cleophas T J, Kauw F H, Bijl Jr C et al. Effects of beta adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists in diabetics with symptoms of postural hypotension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  Angiology. 1986;  37 (11) 855-862
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 133 Victor R G, Talman W T. Comparative effects of clonidine and dihydroergotamine on venomotor tone and orthostatic tolerance in patients with severe hypoadrenergic orthostatic hypotension.  The American journal of medicine. 2002;  112 (5) 361-368
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 134 Goldstein D S. L-Dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS): a norepinephrine prodrug.  Cardiovascular drug reviews. 2006;  24 (3 – 4) 189-203
    Search in Google Scholar

Dr. Tjalf Ziemssen

Autonomes und neuroendokrinologisches Funktionslabor, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden

Fetscherstr. 74

01307 Dresden

Email: Ziemssen@web.de