Neuropharmakologisches fMRT

Zusammenfassung

Neuropharmakologische fMRT Studien untersuchen die neuralen Effekte akut oder chronisch verabreichter Pharmaka im gesunden und kranken menschlichen Gehirn. Dabei steht oft die Frage nach der Modulation von Hirnaktivität im Rahmen sensorischer, motorischer oder kognitiver Aktivität im Vordergrund. Besonders bei gesunden Probanden gibt es mittlerweile viele neuropharmakologische fMRT Studien, die unser Verständnis der neurochemischen Modulation verbessert haben. Beispiele aus dem dopaminergen, cholinergen und noradrenergen System werden erläutert. Auch im Bereich der klinischen Neurowissenschaften gibt es einige neuropharmakologische fMRT Studien, die sich mit der neurochemischen Modulation kognitiver Funktionen bei neurologischen oder psychiatrischen Störungen beschäftigen. Aus dem Gebiet des Schlaganfalls und der Alzheimererkrankung werden einige Arbeiten exemplarisch dargestellt. Der letzte Abschnitt des Artikels gibt einen Überblick über zukünftige Entwicklungen im Bereich neuropharmakologischer Bildgebungsstudien. Hier sind insbesondere Konnektivitätsanalysen von Bedeutung, die die Effekte von Pharmaka auf die aufgabenabhängige oder aufgabenunabhängige Kopplung von Hirnnetzwerken untersuchen. Ein erstrebenswertes Ziel auf lange Sicht ist eine größere Fokussierung auf individuelle Unterschiede, die eine Voraussetzung für die Verwendung neuropharmakologischer fMRT Studien als möglicher diagnostischer Marker bilden.

Abstract

Neuropharmacological fMRI studies investigate the neural effects of acutely or chronically administered drugs in the healthy and damaged human brain. In most studies, the focus of research is on the modulatory role of the drug in relation to cognitively induced brain activity. There are many neuropharmacological fMRI studies in healthy human volunteers that have increased our understanding of the neurochemical modulation of cognitive function. Some of these studies related to the dopaminergic, cholinergic and noradrenergic systems are illustrated. Other neuropharmacological fMRI studies have investigated the modulatory role of drugs in patients with neurological or psychiatric conditions. I will illustrate some examples in the area of stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Finally, this paper will address future developments in the area of neuropharmacological fMRI. These include analyses of connectivity that investigate the effects of drugs on task-related or task-unrelated coupling between neural networks. In the long run, neuropharmacological fMRI studies should focus on the role of individual differences in drug action because this is a prerequisite for the use of neuropharmacological fMRI as a potential diagnostic marker.

Schlüsselwörter

Psychopharmakologie - funktionelle Bildgebung - Dopamin - Azetylcholin - Noradrenalin - Kognition

Key words

psychopharmacology - functional imaging - dopamine - acetylcholine - noradrenaline - cognition

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