Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: In dieser Übersicht wird zur Diagnostik und Therapie des Magenkarzinoms im engeren
Sinn – Karzinome des ösophagogastralen Übergangs sind ausgenommen – Stellung genommen
und ein diagnostischer und therapeutischer Algorithmus in Abhängigkeit vom Tumorstadium
vorgestellt. Präoperative Diagnostik: Neben der Endoskopie hat die Endosonografie für die Bestimmung der T-Kategorie und
als Selektionskriterium zur neoadjuvanten Chemotherapie ihren festen Platz, bei Tumoren > T1
zusätzlich das CT. Die Staginglaparoskopie wird für T3- und T4-Tumoren empfohlen,
da sich so explorative Laparotomien vermeiden und die Genauigkeit der Metastasendiagnostik
erhöhen lassen. Therapie: Lokale Therapieverfahren (endoskopische Mukosaresektion und endoskopische Submukosadissektion)
sind für reine Mukosakarzinome (T1 a oder intraepitheliale Neoplasien / kein Ulkus / G1,
2 / Laurén intestinal / L0 / V0 / Tumorgröße ≤ 2 cm) indiziert. Bei allen anderen
Tumoren ist die Gastrektomie bzw. bei distalen Karzinomen die subtotale Magenresektion
indiziert, Standard ist die D2-Lymphadenektomie ohne Pankreaslinksresektion und ohne
Splenektomie. Zur Rekonstruktion nach Magenresektion wird mehrheitlich die Roux-Y-Rekonstruktion
empfohlen, Pouch und Wiederherstellung der Duodenalpassage durch Jejunuminterponat
kommen nur für Patienten mit guter Prognose in Betracht. Erweiterte Resektionen sind
beim Magenkarzinom nur bei möglicher R0-Resektion indiziert. Die Resektion von metachronen
oder synchronen Lebermetastasen kann nur in Ausnahmefällen erwogen werden, da ca.
50 % aller Patienten mit Lebermetastasen auch eine Peritonealkarzinose aufweisen.
Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Die Operation in Zentren führt zu besseren perioperativen Ergebnissen und auch zu
einer verbesserten Prognose. Die Datenlage ist jedoch schwierig zu bewerten, da Zentren
anhand der Fallzahlen definiert werden und klare Grenzwerte nicht angegeben werden
können. Neoadjuvante Chemotherapie und adjuvante Radiochemotherapie gründen sich auf
den MAGIC und MacDonald-Studien. Die neoadjuvante Chemotherapie sollte bei cT3- und
cT4-Tumoren durchgeführt werden mit dem Ziel, über eine Verkleinerung der Tumormasse
(Downsizing) die Voraussetzung für eine R0-Resektion zu verbessern. Es liegen keine
ausreichenden Daten vor, die den routinemäßigen Einsatz einer adjuvanten Chemotherapie
rechtfertigen. In selektierten Fällen kann aufgrund der MacDonald-Studie bei nicht
ausreichender Lymphknotendissektion und fraglicher R0-Resektion die postoperative
Radiochemotherapie erwogen werden.
Abstract
Aim: This review comments on the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in the classical
meaning – excluding adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. Algorithms
of diagnosis and care with respect to tumour stage are presented. Preoperative Diagnosis: Besides oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography is necessary for
the accurate diagnosis of T categories and as a selection criterion for neoadjuvant
chemotherapy. Computed tomography is recommended for preoperative evaluation of tumours
> T1, laparoscopy has become an effective staging tool in T3 and T4 tumours avoiding
unnecessary laparotomies and improving the detection of small liver and peritoneal
metastases. Treatment: Endoscopic mucosal resection and submucosal dissection are indicated in superficial
cancer confined to the mucosa with special characteristics (T1 a / no ulcer / G1, 2 / Laurén
intestinal / L0 / V0 / tumour size < 2 cm). In all other cases total gastrectomy or
distal subtotal gastric resection are indicated, the latter in cases of tumours located
in the distal two-thirds of the stomach. Standard lymphadenectomy (LAD) is the D2 LAD
without distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. The Roux-en-Y oesophagojejunostomy
is still the preferred type of reconstruction. An additional pouch reconstruction
should be considered in patients with favourable prognosis, this also applies for
the preservation of the duodenal passage by jejunum interposition. Extended organ
resections are only indicated in cases where a R0-resection is possible. Hepatic resection
for metachronous or synchronous liver metastases is rarely advised since 50 % of patients
with liver metastases show concomitant peritoneal dissemination of the disease.
Discussion and Conclusions: Undergoing gastrectomy at a high-volume centre is associated with lower in-hospital
mortality and a better prognosis, however, clear thresholds for case load cannot be
given. Perioperative chemotherapy and postoperative chemoradiotherapy are based on
the MAGIC and MacDonald trials. Perioperative chemotherapy should be performed in
patients with T3 and T4 tumours with the aim to increase the likelihood of curative
R0-resection by downsizing the tumour. Adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy cannot
be recommended since its benefit has so far not been proven in randomised trials.
In selected patients with incomplete lymph-node dissection and questionable R0-resection
postoperative chemoradiotherapy may be debated.
Schlüsselwörter
Magenkarzinom - Diagnostik - Lymphknotendissektion - Magenresektion - Workflow
Key words
gastric cancer - diagnosis - lymph-node dissection - gastrectomy - work-flow
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Prof. R. T. Grundmann
Kreiskliniken Altötting-Burghausen
Krankenhausstr. 1
84489 Burghausen
Germany
Telefon: 0 86 77 / 88 05 01
Fax: 0 86 77 / 88 05 03
eMail: sek-prof.grundmann@krk-bgh.de