Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000067.xml
Download PDF
Semin Hear 2009; 30(2): 094-111
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1215438
© Thieme Medical PublishersDOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1215438
The Complexity of Auditory Aging
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
30 April 2009 (online)
ABSTRACT
Age-related decline in hearing is the result of complex changes in audibility, suprathreshold processing, and cognition. Changes in cochlear structures, whether from biological aging of the structures themselves or secondary to intrinsic and extrinsic influences that occur with the passage of time, result in hearing sensitivity loss. The outward expression of the underlying disorder is fairly consistent. That is, loss of function of cochlear hair cells and other structures consistently manifest hearing sensitivity loss and the consequent deficits in audibility. Age-related changes in auditory nervous system structures may also play a role in overall hearing capability, although the outward expression of the disorder is likely to be subtler than cochlear loss in a given individual and considerably more variable among individuals. Regardless, the complex hearing disorder associated with the aging process can have a significant impact on overall wellness. This review article provides an overview of aging and age-related decline in audition, with an emphasis on speech perceptual deficits with aging.
KEYWORDS
Presbyacusis - audibility - auditory processing disorder - aging - hearing loss
REFERENCES
- 1 Konkle D F, Beasley D, Bess F. Intelligibility of time-altered speech in relation to chronological aging. J Speech Hear Res. 1977; 20 108-115
- 2 He W, Sangupta M, Velkoff V, Debarros K. 65+ in the United States. Washington, DC; Department of Health and Human Services 2005
MissingFormLabel
- 3 Rowe J W, Kahn R L. Successful aging. Gerontologist. 1997; 37(4) 433-440
- 4 Cruickshanks K J, Wiley T L, Tweed T S et al.. Prevalence of hearing loss in older adults in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin: the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998; 148(9) 879-885
- 5 Moscicki E K, Elkins E F, Baum H M, McNamara P M. Hearing loss in the elderly: an epidemiologic study of the Framingham heart study cohort. Ear Hear. 1985; 6(4) 184-190
- 6 Adams P F, Benson V. Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey 1991. National Center for Vital Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10. 1992; 184 1-232
- 7 Gates G A, Cooper J C, Kannel W B, Miller N J. Hearing in the elderly: the Framingham cohort 1983–1985. Part I. Basic audiometric test results. Ear Hear. 1990; 11(4) 247-256
- 8
Agrawal Y, Platz E, Niparko J.
Prevalence of hearing loss and differences by demographic characteristics among U.S.
adults.
Arch Intern Med.
2008;
168(14)
1522-1530
MissingFormLabel
- 9 Helzner E P, Cauley J A, Pratt S R et al.. Race and sex difference in age-related hearing loss: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005; 53(12) 2119-2127
- 10 Willott J F. Aging and the Auditory System. San Diego, CA; Singular Publishing Group 1991
MissingFormLabel
- 11 Roeser R J, Ballachanda B B. Physiology, pathophysiology, and anthropology/epidemiology of human ear canal secretions. J Am Acad Audiol. 1997; 8(6) 391-400
- 12 Weinstein B.
Aging of the outer, middle, and inner ear, and neural pathways . In: Weinstein B Geriatric Audiology. New York, NY; Thieme Medical Publishers 2000MissingFormLabel - 13 Soucek S, Michales L. Hearing Loss in the Elderly. London, UK; Springer-Verlag 1990
MissingFormLabel
- 14 Pujol R, Rebillard G, Puel J L et al.. Glutamate neurotoxicity in the cochlea: a possible consequence of ischaemic or anoxic conditions occurring in aging. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1990; 476 32-36
- 15 Schuknecht H F, Gacek M R. Cochlear pathology in presbycusis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1993; 102(1 Pt 2) 1-16
- 16 Nelson E G, Hinojosa R. Presbycusis: a human temporal bone study of individuals with downward sloping audiometric patterns of hearing loss and review of the literature. Laryngoscope. 2006; 116(9 Pt 3 Suppl 112) 1-12
- 17 Chisolm T H, Willott J F, Lister J L. The aging auditory system: anatomic and physiologic changes and implications for rehabilitation. Int J Audiol. 2003; 42(Suppl 2) 2S3-2S10
- 18 Willott J F. Anatomic and physiologic aging: a behavioral neuroscience perspective. J Am Acad Audiol. 1996; 7 141-151
- 19 Frisina R D. Possible neurochemical and neuroanatomical bases of age-related hearing loss—presbycusis. Semin Hear. 2001; 22(3) 213-225
- 20 Dalton D S, Cruickshanks K J, Klein R, Klein B E, Wiley T L. Association of NIDDM and hearing loss. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(9) 1540-1544
- 21 Gates G A, Cobb J L, D'Agostino R B, Wolf P A. The relation of hearing in the elderly to the presence of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993; 119(2) 156-161
- 22 Jerger J, Chmiel R, Stach B, Spretnjak M. Gender affects audiometric shape in presbyacusis. J Am Acad Audiol. 1993; 4 42-49
- 23 Rosen S, Bergman M, Plester D, El-Mofty A, Satti M. Presbyacusis study of relatively noise-free population in the Sudan. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1962; 71 727-743
- 24 Gilhome Herbst K.
Psycho-social consequences of disorder of hearing in the elderly . In: Hinchcliffe R Hearing and Balance in the Elderly. Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Churchill Livingstone 1983MissingFormLabel - 25 Meadow-Orlans K P.
Social and psychological effects of hearing loss in adulthood: a literature review . In: Orlans H Adjustment to Adult Hearing Loss. San Diego, CA; College-Hill Press 1985MissingFormLabel - 26 Carabellese C, Appollonio I, Rozzini R et al.. Sensory impairment and quality of life in a community elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993; 41(4) 401-407
- 27 Bess F H, Lichtenstein M J, Logan S A, Burger M C. Hearing impairment as a determinant of function in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989; 37 123-128
- 28 Peters C A, Potter J F, Scholer S G. Hearing impairment as a predictor of cognitive decline in dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988; 36 981-986
- 29 Uhlmann R F, Larson E B, Koepsell T D. Hearing impairment and cognitive decline in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986; 34(3) 207-210
- 30 Osterweil D, Martin M, Syndulko K. Predictors of skilled nursing placement in a multilevel long-term-care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995; 43(2) 108-112
- 31 Appollonio I, Carabellese C, Frattola L, Trabucchi M. Effects of sensory aids on the quality of life and mortality of elderly people: a multivariate analysis. Age Ageing. 1996; 25 89-96
- 32 Hallberg L R. Hearing impairment, coping and consequences on family life. Am Rehabil Audiol. 1999; 32 45-59
- 33 Hallberg L R, Barrenas M L. Living with a male with noise-induced hearing loss: experiences from the perspective of spouses. Br J Audiol. 1993; 27(4) 255-261
- 34 Stephens D Audiological Rehabilitation. 6th ed. Oxford, United Kingdom; Butterworth Heinemann 1997
MissingFormLabel
- 35 Herth K. Integrating hearing loss into one's life. Qual Health Res. 1998; 8(2) 207-223
- 36 Gilson B S, Gilson J S, Bergner M et al.. The Sickness Impact Profile: development of an outcome measure of health care. Am J Public Health. 1975; 65 1304-1310
- 37 Dalton D S, Cruickshanks K J, Klein B E et al.. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults. Gerontologist. 2003; 43(5) 661-668
- 38 Ware J E, Sherbourne C D. The MOS 36-item shot form health survey (SF-36). Med Care. 1992; 30 473-483
- 39 Popelka M M, Cruickshanks K J, Wiley T L et al.. Low prevalence of hearing aid use among older adults with hearing loss: the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998; 46(9) 1075-1078
- 40 Bratt G W, Rosenfeld M A, Williams D W. NIDCD/V A hearing aid clinical trial and follow-up: background. J Am Acad Audiol. 2007; 18 274-281
- 41 Larson V D, Williams D, Henderson W et al.. A multi-center, double blind clinical trial comparing benefit from three commonly used hearing aid circuits. Ear Hear. 2002; 23(4) 269-276
- 42 Weinstein B E. Geriatric Audiology. New York, NY; Thieme Medical Publishers 2000
MissingFormLabel
- 43 Gates G A, Mills J. Presbycusis. Lancet. 2005; 366(9491) 1111-1120
- 44 Moore B. Cochlear Hearing Loss: Physiological, Psychological and Technical Issues. 2nd ed. New York, NY; John Wiley & Sons 2007
MissingFormLabel
- 45 ANSI S3 .5-1969. American National Standard Methods for the Calculation of the Articulation
Index. New York, NY; Acoustical Society of America 1969
MissingFormLabel
- 46 ANSI S3 .5-1997. American National Standard Methods for the Calculation of the Speech Intelligibility
Index. New York, NY; Acoustical Society of America 1997
MissingFormLabel
- 47 Kryter K D. Methods for the calculation and use of the articulation index. J Acoust Soc Am. 1962; 34 1689-1697
- 48 Sherbecoe R L, Studebaker G A. Audibility-index functions for the connected speech test. Ear Hear. 2002; 23(5) 385-398
- 49 Studebaker G A, Sherbecoe R L, Gilmore C. Frequency-importance and transfer functions for the Auditec of St. Louis recordings of the NU-6 word test. J Speech Hear Res. 1993; 36(4) 799-807
- 50 Ching T Y, Dillon H, Byrne D. Speech recognition of hearing-impaired listeners: predictions from audibility and the limited role of high-frequency amplification. J Acoust Soc Am. 1998; 103(2) 1128-1140
- 51 Hargus S E, Gordon-Salant S. Accuracy of speech intelligibility index predictions for noise-masked young listeners with normal hearing and for elderly listeners with hearing impairment. J Speech Hear Res. 1995; 38(1) 234-243
- 52 Pavlovic C V. Use of the articulation index for assessing residual auditory function in listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment. J Acoust Soc Am. 1984; 75 1253-1258
- 53 Sherbecoe R L, Studebaker G A. Audibility-index predictions of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners' performance on the connected speech test. Ear Hear. 2003; 24(1) 71-88
- 54 Studebaker G A, Scherbecoe R L, McDaniel D, Gray G. Age-related changes in monosyllabic word recognition performance when audibility is held constant. J Am Acad Audiol. 1997; 8 150-162
- 55 Hornsby B W, Ricketts T A. The effects of hearing loss on the contribution of high- and low-frequency speech information to speech understanding. J Acoust Soc Am. 2003; 113(3) 1706-1717
- 56 Hornsby B W, Ricketts T A. The effects of hearing loss on the contribution of high- and low-frequency speech information to speech understanding. II. Sloping hearing loss. J Acoust Soc Am. 2006; 119(3) 1752-1763
- 57 Humes L E, Roberts L. Speech recognition difficulties of the hearing impaired elderly: the contributions of audibility. J Speech Hear Res. 1990; 33 726-735
- 58 Souza P E, Turner C. Masking of speech in young and elderly listeners with hearing loss. J Speech Hear Res. 1994; 37 655-661
- 59 Dubno J R, Lee F, Matthews L, Mills J. Age-related and gender-related changes in monaural speech recognition. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1997; 40 444-452
- 60 Divenyi P L, Haupt K M. Audiological correlates of speech understanding deficits in elderly listeners with mild-to-moderate hearing loss. II. Correlation analysis. Ear Hear. 1997; 18(2) 100-113
- 61 Humes L E. Factors underlying the speech-recognition performance of elderly hearing-aid wearers. J Acoust Soc Am. 2002; 112(3 Pt 1) 1112-1132
- 62 Humes L E, Watson B, Christopherson L et al.. Factors associated with individual differences in clinical measures of speech recognition among the elderly. J Speech Hear Res. 1994; 37 465-474
- 63 van Rooij J C, Plomp R. Auditive and cognitive factors in speech perception by elderly listeners. II: Multivariate analyses. J Acoust Soc Am. 1990; 88(6) 2611-2624
- 64 Pichora-Fuller M K, Souza P E. Effects of aging on auditory processing of speech. Int J Audiol. 2003; 42(Suppl 2) 2S11-2S16
- 65 Jerger J, Jerger S. Clinical validity of central auditory tests. Scand Audiol. 1975; 4 147-163
- 66 Lynn G W, Gilroy J.
Evaluation of central auditory dysfunction in patients with neurological disorders . In: Keith RW Central Auditory Dysfunction. New York, NY; Grune & Stratton 1977: 177-222MissingFormLabel - 67 Russolo M, Poli P. Lateralization, impedance, auditory brain stem response and synthetic sentence audiometry in brain stem disorders. Audiology. 1983; 22 50-62
- 68 Jerger J. Audiological findings in aging. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1973; 20 115-124
- 69 Gates G A, Feeney M, Higdon R. Word recognition and the articulation index in older listeners with probable age-related auditory neuropathy. J Am Acad Audiol. 2003; 14 574-581
- 70 Jerger J, Hayes D. Diagnostic speech audiometry. Arch Otolaryngol. 1977; 103 216-222
- 71 Helfer K S, Wilber L A. Hearing loss, aging, and speech perception in reverberation and noise. J Speech Hear Res. 1990; 33 149-155
- 72 Orchik D J, Burgess J. Synthetic sentence identification as a function of age of the listener. J Am Audiol Soc. 1977; 3 42-46
- 73 Pestalozza G, Shore I. Clinical evaluation of presbycusis on the basis of different tests of auditory function. Laryngoscope. 1955; 65 1136-1163
- 74 Wiley T L, Cruickshanks K J, Nondahl D M et al.. Aging and word recognition in competing message. J Am Acad Audiol. 1998; 9 191-198
- 75 Larsby B, Hällgren M, Lyxell B, Arlinger S. Cognitive performance and perceived effort in speech processing tasks: effects of different noise backgrounds in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. Int J Audiol. 2005; 44(3) 131-143
- 76 Stuart A, Phillips D. Word recognition in continuous and interrupted broadband noise by young normal-hearing, older normal-hearing, and presbycusic listeners. Ear Hear. 1996; 17 478-489
- 77 Sperry J L, Wiley T, Chial M. Word recognition performance in various background competitors. J Am Acad Audiol. 1997; 8 71-80
- 78 Jerger J, Jerger S, Oliver T, Pirozzolo F. Speech understanding in the elderly. Ear Hear. 1989; 10(2) 79-89
- 79 Jerger J, Jerger S, Pirozzolo F. Correlational analysis of speech audiometric scores, hearing loss, age, and cognitive abilities in the elderly. Ear Hear. 1991; 12(2) 103-109
- 80 Bess F H, Josey A F, Humes L E. Performance intensity functions in cochlear and eighth nerve disorders. Am J Otol. 1979; 1 27-31
- 81 Jerger J, Jerger S. Diagnostic significance of PB word functions. Arch Otolaryngol. 1971; 93 573-580
- 82 Miranda T T, Pichora-Fuller M. Temporally jittered NU-6 stimuli produce PI-PB rollover in young normal-hearing listeners. J Am Acad Audiol. 2002; 13 50-58
- 83 Cranford J L, Boose M, Moore C A. Tests of precedence effect in sound localization reveal abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Ear Hear. 1990; 11 282-288
- 84 Musiek F E, Shinn J B, Jirsa R et al.. GIN (Gaps in Noise) test performance in subjects with confirmed central auditory nervous system involvement. Ear Hear. 2005; 26 608-618
- 85 Bocca E, Calearo C, Cassinari V. A new method for testing hearing in temporal lobe tumours. Acta Otolaryngol. 1954; 44 219-221
- 86 Letowski T, Poch N. Comprehension of time-compressed speech: effects of age and speech complexity. J Am Acad Audiol. 1996; 7 447-457
- 87 Schon T. The effects on speech intelligibility of time-compression and expansion on normal-hearing, hard of hearing, and aged males. J Aud Res. 1970; 10 263-268
- 88 Sticht T G, Gray B B. The intelligibility of time-compressed words as a function of age and hearing loss. J Speech Hear Res. 1969; 12 443-448
- 89 Gordon-Salant S, Fitzgibbons P J. Profile of auditory temporal processing in older listeners. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999; 42 300-311
- 90 Fitzgibbons P J, Gordon-Salant S. Auditory temporal processing in elderly listeners. J Am Acad Audiol. 1996; 7 183-189
- 91 McCroskey R L, Kasten R N. Temporal factors and the aging auditory system. Ear Hear. 1982; 3 124-127
- 92 Cranford J L, Romereim B. Precedence effect and speech understanding in elderly listeners. J Am Acad Audiol. 1992; 3 405-409
- 93 Roberts R A, Koehnke J, Besing J. Effects of noise and reverberation on the precedence effect in listeners with normal hearing and impaired hearing. Am J Audiol. 2003; 12 96-105
- 94 Phillips S L, Gordon-Salant S, Fitzgibbons P J, Yeni-Komshian G H. Auditory duration discrimination in young and elderly listeners with normal hearing. J Am Acad Audiol. 1994; 5 210-215
- 95 Moore B CJ, Peters R W, Glasberg B R. Detection of temporal gaps in sinusoids by elderly subjects with and without hearing loss. J Acoust Soc Am. 1992; 92 1923-1932
- 96 Roberts R A, Lister J L. Effects of age and hearing loss on gap detection and the precedence effect: broadband stimuli. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2004; 47 965-978
- 97 Schneider B A, Pichora-Fuller M K, Kowalchuk D, Lamb M. Gap detection and the precedence effect in young and old adults. J Acoust Soc Am. 1994; 95 980-991
- 98 Koehnke J, Besing J M. The effects of aging on binaural and spatial hearing. Semin Hear. 2001; 22(3) 241-254
- 99 Jerger J, Jordan C. Age-related asymmetry on a cued-listening task. Ear Hear. 1992; 13 272-277
- 100 Jerger J, Johnson K, Jerger S et al.. Central auditory processing disorder: a case study. J Am Acad Audiol. 1991; 2 36-54
- 101 Gelfand S A, Hoffman S, Waltzman S B. Dichotic CV recognition at various interaural temporal onset asynchronies: effect of age. J Acoust Soc Am. 1980; 68(5) 1258-1261
- 102 Jerger J, Alford B, Lew H, Rivera V, Chmiel R. Dichotic listening, event-related potentials, and interhemispheric transfer in the elderly. Ear Hear. 1995; 16 482-498
- 103 Jerger J, Chmiel R, Allen J, Wilson A. Effects of age and gender on dichotic sentence identification. Ear Hear. 1994; 15 274-286
- 104 Jerger J, Stach B A, Johnson K, Loiselle L H, Jerger S.
Patterns of abnormality in dichotic listening in the elderly . In: Jensen JH Proceedings of the 14th Danavox Symposium on Presbyacusis and Other Age Related Aspects. Odense, Denmark; Danavox 1990: 143-150MissingFormLabel - 105 Silman S. Binaural interference in multiple sclerosis: case study. J Am Acad Audiol. 1995; 6 193-196
- 106 Jerger J, Silman S, Lew H, Chmiel R. Case studies in binaural interference: converging evidence from behavioral and electrophysiologic measures. J Am Acad Audiol. 1993; 4 122-131
- 107 Leigh-Paffenroth E D, Fowler C G. Amplitude-modulated auditory steady-state responses in younger and older listeners. J Am Acad Audiol. 2006; 17 582-597
- 108 Chambers R D, Griffiths S K. Effects of age on the adult auditory middle latency response. Hear Res. 1991; 51 1-10
- 109 Jerger J, Oliver T A, Chmiel R. Auditory middle latency response: a perspective. Semin Hear. 1988; 9 75-85
- 110 Woods D L, Clayworth C C. Age-related changes in human middle latency auditory evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1986; 65 297-303
- 111 Jerger J, Moncrieff D, Greenwald R, Wambacq I, Seipel A. Effect of age on interaural asymmetry of event-related potentials in a dichotic listening task. J Am Acad Audiol. 2000; 11 383-389
- 112 Jerger J, Stach B, Pruitt J, Harper R, Kirby H. Comments on speech understanding and aging. J Acoust Soc Am. 1989; 85 1352-1354
- 113 Jerger J, Mahurin R, Pirozzolo F. The separability of central auditory cognitive deficits: implications for the elderly. J Am Acad Audiol. 1990; 1 116-119
- 114 Hallgren M, Larsby B, Lyxell B, Arlinger S. Cognitive effects in dichotic speech testing in elderly persons. Ear Hear. 2001; 22 120-129
- 115 Wilson R H, Jaffe M S. Interactions of age, ear, and stimulus complexity on dichotic digit recognition. J Am Acad Audiol. 1996; 7 358-364
- 116 Gates G A, Beiser A, Rees T S, D'Agostino R B, Wolf P A. Central auditory dysfunction may precede the onset of clinical dementia in people with probable Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50 482-488
- 117 Pichora-Fuller M K. Cognitive aging and auditory information processing. Int J Audiol. 2003; 42(Suppl 2) 2S26-2S32
- 118 Wingfield A, McCoy S L, Peelle J E, Tun P A, Cox L C. Effects of adult aging and hearing loss on comprehension of rapid speech varying in syntactic complexity. J Am Acad Audiol. 2006; 17 487-497
- 119 Burke D M, Shafto M A.
Language and aging . In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 3rd ed. New York, NY; Thieme Medical Publishers 1985: 373-443MissingFormLabel - 120 Salthouse T A. The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychol Rev. 1996; 103 403-428
- 121 Wingfield A, Poon L W, Lombardi L, Lowe D. Speed processing in normal aging: effects of speech rate, linguistic structure, and processing time. J Gerontol. 1985; 40 579-585
- 122 Gordon-Salant S, Fitzgibbons P J. Sources of age related recognition difficulty for time-compressed speech. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2001; 44 709-719
- 123 Amos N E, Humes L E. Contribution of high frequencies to speech recognition in quiet and noise among listeners with varying degrees of high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2007; 50 819-834
- 124 Burk M H, Humes L E, Amos N E, Strauser L E. Effects of training on word recognition performance in noise for young normal hearing and old hearing impaired listeners. Ear Hear. 2006; 27 263-268
- 125 Humes L E. The contributions of audibility and cognitive factors to the benefit provided by amplified speech to older adults. J Am Acad Audiol. 2007; 18 590-603
- 126 Gordon-Salant S, Fitzgibbons P J, Friedman S A. Recognition of time-compressed and natural speech with selective temporal enhancements by young and elderly listeners. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2007; 50(5) 1181-1193
- 127 Salthouse T A. A Theory of Cognitive Aging. New York, NY; Psychology Press 2008
MissingFormLabel
- 128 Reuter-Lorenz P A, Sylvester C-YC.
The cognitive neuroscience of working memory and aging . In: Cabeza R, Nyberg L, Park D Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging. New York, NY; Oxford University Press 2005: 186-217MissingFormLabel - 129 Pichora-Fuller M K, Singh G. Effect of age on auditory and cognitive processing: implications for hearing aid fitting and audiologic rehabilitation. Trends Amplif. 2006; 10 29-56
- 130 Kahneman D. Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Erlbaum 1973
MissingFormLabel
- 131 Braver T S, West R.
Working memory, executive control, and aging . In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 3rd ed. New York, NY; Thieme Medical Publishers 1985: 311-372MissingFormLabel - 132 Li S-C.
Neurocomputational perspectives linking neuromodulation, processing noise, representational distinctiveness and cognitive aging . In: Cabeza R, Nyberg L, Park D Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging. New York, NY; Oxford University Press 2005: 354-379MissingFormLabel - 133 Kramer A F, Madden D J.
Attention . In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 3rd ed. New York, NY; Thieme Medical Publishers 1985: 189-249MissingFormLabel - 134 Tun P A, O'Kane G, Wingfield A. Distraction by competing speech in young and old listeners. Psychol Aging. 2002; 17 453-467
- 135 Stach B A, Spretnjak M L, Jerger J. The prevalence of central presbyacusis in a clinical population. J Am Acad Audiol. 1990; 1 109-115
- 136 Cooper J C, Gates G A. Hearing in the elderly—the Framingham cohort, 1983–1985; part II. Prevalence of central auditory processing disorders. Ear Hear. 1991; 12 304-311
- 137 Roup C M, Wiley T L, Wilson R H. Dichotic word recognition in young and older adults. J Am Acad Audiol. 2006; 17 230-240
Brad A StachPh.D.
Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard K8
Detroit, MI 48202
Email: bradstach@mac.com