Zusammenfassung
Akute Polyneuritiden sind insgesamt zwar eine seltene, in entwickelten Ländern jedoch die häufigste Ursache für akut auftretende, generalisierte Lähmungen (> 50 %). Das Guillain-Barré-Syndrom (GBS) ist die häufigste Form dieser Erkrankung. Obwohl sich das klinische und pathologische Spektrum des GBS in den letzten Jahren erheblich erweitert hat, lassen sich etwa 15 % der akuten Polyradikuloneuritiden oder Polyneuritiden trotz erweiterter und revidierter Klassifikationen und Diagnosekriterien keiner der eingeführten GBS-Varianten zuordnen. Die auslösenden Pathomechanismen sind bis heute nicht vollständig geklärt, man vermutet aber, dass sowohl das GBS als auch die „untypischen“ akuten Polyneuritiden Varianten der gleichen, zugrunde liegenden immunologischen Dysregulation sind, jedoch durch pathogenetische Mechanismen unterschiedliche akut-neurologische Bilder hervorrufen. Deshalb sprechen auch akute Polyneuritiden, die sich keiner der eingeführten GBS-Varianten zuordnen lassen, ebenso auf eine immunmodulatorische Therapie (die nicht GBS-spezifisch ist) an, was ihr Erkennen und frühzeitiges Behandeln essenziell macht. Da bei den Immunneuropathien kein valider diagnostischer Marker existiert und das Krankheitsbild sehr variabel bleibt, wird die Diagnose klinisch gestellt und ist nicht selten eine Herausforderung. Den akuten Polyneuritiden, die sich keiner der eingeführten GBS-Varianten zuordnen lassen, scheint gemein, dass sie seltener infektassoziiert auftreten und häufiger mit ungewöhnlichen Ursachen und Auslösern assoziiert sind. In diesem Beitrag schildern wir unsere Erfahrungen mit ungewöhnlichen Varianten und Auslösern akuter Polyneuritiden und Polyradikuloneuritiden, die nicht den internationalen Diagnosekriterien des GBS entsprechen. Wir liefern eine ausführliche Literaturübersicht über die möglichen Pathomechanismen und diskutieren mögliche Dispositionen zur Entwicklung der Erkrankung.
Abstract
Although the total incidence rate of acute inflammatory polyneuropathies is low, it is the most frequent cause of acute progressive, generalized paresis in developed countries (> 50 %). The most common form of the disease is the Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Even though the clinical and pathologic spectrum of GBS has substantially grown over the last decade, about 15 % of cases of acute polyneuritis or polyradiculoneuritis do not fulfil the revised and extended diagnostic criteria and classification for GBS and its variants. The underlying pathogenesis still remains unclear. It is assumed that these “untypical” acute inflammatory polyneuropathies and cases fulfilling the GBS criteria are variants of the same underlying immune disorder, but that pathogenetic mechanisms produce different acute neurological syndromes. Thus, immunotherapy (which is not GBS-specific) is also effective for treating acute inflammatory polyneuropathies that do not fulfil the diagnostic criteria for GBS, and early diagnosis and treatment of these cases is essential. Since no reliable serological and electrodiagnostic markers of autoimmune neuropathies are currently available, the diagnosis is based on its clinical presentation. However, clinical symptoms are variable, and a rational diagnostic decision can be challenging. Thus, it is important to know that acute inflammatory polyneuropathies not fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of GBS are less often preceded by an infective condition but frequently associated with uncommon causes and triggers. This report presents our experiences with uncommon variants of inflammatory polyneuropathies and polyradiculoneuritides that do not fulfil the international diagnostic criteria for GBS. We provide a detailed review of the pertinent literature discussing possible pathomechanisms, its clinical associations and possible dispositions.
Schlüsselwörter
akute Polyneuritiden - Immunneuropathien - Guillan-Barré-Syndrom - klinische Varianten - Autoimmunerkrankungen
Key words
acute polyneuritis - immunomediated neuropathies - Guillain-Barré-Syndrome - clinical variants - autoimmune disease
Literatur
1
Gold R, Bayas A, Toyka K V.
Immunneuropathien – Aktuelle Aspekte der Diagnostik und Therapie.
Nervenarzt.
2005;
76
1009-1021
2
Asbury A K, Cornblath D R.
Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Ann Neurol.
1990;
27 (Suppl)
S21-S24
3
Van der Meche F G, Van Doorn P A, Meulstee J. et al .
Diagnostic and classification criteria for the Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Eur Neurol.
2001;
45
133-139
4
Govoni V, Granieri E, Tola M R. et al .
The frequency of clinical variants of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Ferrara, Italy.
J Neurol.
1999;
246
1010-1014
5
Emilia-Romagna Study Group on Clinical and Epidemiological Problems in Neurology .
Guillain-Barre syndrome variants in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, 1992 – 3: incidence, clinical features, and prognosis.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
1998;
65
218-224
6
Thomas P K.
The Guillain-Barre syndrome: no longer a simple concept.
J Neurol.
1992;
239
361-362
7
Beghi E, Bogliun G.
The Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Implementation of a register of the disease on a nationwide basis. Italian GBS Study Group.
Ital J Neurol Sci.
1996;
17
355-361
8
Hadden R D, Cornblath D R, Hughes R A. et al .
Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barre syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barre Syndrome Trial Group.
Ann Neurol.
1998;
44
780-788
9
Hughes R A, Hadden R D, Gregson N A. et al .
Pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
J Neuroimmunol.
1999;
100
74-97
10
Sladky J T.
Guillain-Barre syndrome: blind men describe an elephant?.
Neurology.
2007;
69
1647-1649
11
Rodriguez V, Kuehnle I, Heslop H E. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Bone Marrow Transplant.
2002;
29
515-517
12
Chan L Y, Tsui M H, Leung T N.
Guillain-Barre syndrome in pregnancy.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.
2004;
83
319-325
13 Arnason B GW, Soliven B. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW Peripheral neuropathy Philadelphia; Saunders 1993 3. Aufl: 1437-1497
14
Flores-Barragan J M, Martinez-Palomeque G, Ibanez R. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome as a complication of epidural anaesthesia.
Rev Neurol.
2006;
42
631-632
15
De Freitas G R, Freitas M R, Ferreira M C.
Guillain-Barre syndrome and head trauma. Case report.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr.
1997;
55
315-318
16
De Freitas M R, Nascimento O J, Harouche M B. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome after brachial plexus trauma: case report.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr.
2006;
64
1039-1040
17
Ropper A H.
Unusual clinical variants and signs in Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Arch Neurol.
1986;
43
1150-1152
18
Hughes R A, Swan A V, Raphael J C. et al .
Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome: a systematic review.
Brain.
2007;
130
2245-2257
19
Linker R A, Gold de R.
Use of intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange in neurological disease.
Curr Opin Neurol.
2008;
21
358-365
20
Lehmann H C, Hartung H P, Meyer Z u HG. et al .
Plasma exchange in immune-mediated neuropathies.
Curr Opin Neurol.
2008;
21
547-554
21
Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barre Syndrome Trial Group .
Randomised trial of plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and combined treatments in Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Lancet.
1997;
349
225-230
22 Bundesärztekammer .Richtlinien zur Gewinnung von Blut und Blutbestandteilen und zur Anwendung von Blutprodukten (Hämotherapie). Köln; Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag 2008
23
Anthoney D A, Bone I, Evans T R.
Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: a complication of immunotherapy in malignant melanoma.
Ann Oncol.
2000;
11
1197-1200
24
Adler A J.
Mechanisms of T cell tolerance and suppression in cancer mediated by tumor-associated antigens and hormones.
Curr Cancer Drug Targets.
2007;
7
3-14
25
Vigliani M C, Magistrello M, Polo P. et al .
Risk of cancer in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). A population-based study.
J Neurol.
2004;
251
321-326
26
Smith W R, Wilson A F.
Guillan-Barre syndrome in heroin addiction.
JAMA.
1975;
231
1367-1368
27 Weimer L H. Spinal and neuromuscular complications of substance abuse. Miller AE, Marra C, Mancall EL Neurologic complications of substance abuse Philadelphia; 2004 10. Aufl: 115-143
28
Kraus J, Baumeier A, Boentert M. et al .
Acute toxic polyradiculopathy after exorbitant intracarotid substance abuse.
J Neurol.
2006;
253
815-816
29
Screnci D, McKeage M J.
Platinum neurotoxicity: clinical profiles, experimental models and neuroprotective approaches.
J Inorg Biochem.
1999;
77
105-110
30
Kiefer R, Kieseier B C, Stoll G. et al .
The role of macrophages in immune-mediated damage to the peripheral nervous system.
Prog Neurobiol.
2001;
64
109-127
31
Tho L M, O’Leary C P, Horrocks I. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome occurring after adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy for endometrial cancer.
Gynecol Oncol.
2006;
100
615-617
32
Cicero G, Fulfaro F, Caraceni A. et al .
A case of guillain-barre syndrome in a patient with non small cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy.
J Chemother.
2006;
18
325-327
33
Terenghi F, Ardolino G, Nobile-Orazio E.
Guillain-Barre syndrome after combined CHOP and rituximab therapy in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
J Peripher Nerv Syst.
2007;
12
142-143
34
Dabby R, Djaldetti R, Gilad R. et al .
Acute heroin-related neuropathy.
J Peripher Nerv Syst.
2006;
11
304-309
35
Bogucki A, Gluszcz-Zielinska A.
Focal conduction block in n-hexane polyneuropathy.
Muscle Nerve.
1999;
22
425-426
36
Donofrio P D, Wilbourn A J, Albers J W. et al .
Acute arsenic intoxication presenting as Guillain-Barre-like syndrome.
Muscle Nerve.
1987;
10
114-120
37
Kaplan J G, Kessler J, Rosenberg N. et al .
Sensory neuropathy associated with Dursban (chlorpyrifos) exposure.
Neurology.
1993;
43
2193-2196
38
Neundorfer B, Reinhardt F.
Polyneuropathien unter Lösungsmitteleinwirkung.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr.
1998;
66
539-544
39
Teo E, Azwra A, Jones R. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome following immune reconstitution after antiretroviral therapy for primary HIV infection.
J HIV Ther.
2007;
12
62-63
40
La Rocca R V, Meer J, Gilliatt R W. et al .
Suramin-induced polyneuropathy.
Neurology.
1990;
40
954-960
41
Pellissier J F, Pouget J, Cros D. et al .
Peripheral neuropathy induced by amiodarone chlorhydrate. A clinicopathological study.
J Neurol Sci.
1984;
63
251-266
42
Taylor B V, Mastaglia F L, Stell R.
Guillain-Barre syndrome complicating treatment with streptokinase.
Med J Aust.
1995;
162
214-215
43
Fung H B, Guo Y.
Enfuvirtide: a fusion inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection.
Clin Ther.
2004;
26
352-378
44
Kraus J, Teismann I, Kellinghaus C. et al .
Temporal coincidence between AMAN type of GBS and myasthenia gravis.
J Neurol.
2007;
254
264-265
45
Mochizuki H, Kamakura K, Masaki T. et al .
Motor dominant neuropathy in Sjogren’s syndrome: report of two cases.
Intern Med.
2002;
41
142-146
46
Martin S, Rieckmann P, Melchers I. et al .
Circulating forms of ICAM-3 (cICAM-3). Elevated levels in autoimmune diseases and lack of association with cICAM-1.
J Immunol.
1995;
154
1951-1955
47
Creange A, Sharshar T, Planchenault T. et al .
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is increased and correlates with severity in Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Neurology.
1999;
53
1683-1691
48
Misasi R, Dionisi S, Farilla L. et al .
Gangliosides and autoimmune diabetes.
Diabetes Metab Rev.
1997;
13
163-179
49
Schattner A.
Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines.
Vaccine.
2005;
23
3876-3886
50
Bradbury K, Aparicio S R, Sumner D W. et al .
Comparison of in vitro demyelination and cytotoxicity of humoral factors in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.
J Neurol Sci.
1985;
70
167-181
51
Puertas-Munoz I, Miranda-Lloret P, Lagares A. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome following resection of glioblastoma multiforme.
Rev Neurol.
2004;
39
1137-1139
52
Eimil M, Benito-Leon J.
Guillain-Barre-like syndrome heralding small-cell lung cancer.
Eur J Neurol.
2007;
14
e15-e16
53
Nokura K, Nagamatsu M, Inagaki T. et al .
Acute motor and sensory neuronopathy associated with small-cell lung cancer: a clinicopathological study.
Neuropathology.
2006;
26
329-337
54
Christodoulou C, Anastasopoulos D, Visvikis A. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome in a patient with metastatic colon cancer receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.
Anticancer Drugs.
2004;
15
997-999
55
Swan C H, Wharton B A.
Polyneuritis and renal carcinoma.
Lancet.
1963;
2
383-384
56
Phan T G, Hersch M, Zagami A S.
Guillain-Barre syndrome and adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder: a paraneoplastic phenomenon?.
Muscle Nerve.
1999;
22
141-142
57
Mineo T C, Biancari F, Casciani C U.
Polyradiculoneuritis as an initial manifestation of bronchial carcinoma.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
1995;
109
1254
58
Nakatsuji Y, Sadahiro S, Watanabe S. et al .
Leptomeningeal signet-ring cell carcinomatosis presenting with ophthalmoplegia, areflexia and ataxia.
Clin Neuropathol.
2001;
20
272-275
59
Ben Simon G J, McCann J D, Barth N. et al .
Partial resolution of acute ascending motor polyneuropathy after enucleation of an eye with metastatic melanoma.
Br J Ophthalmol.
2004;
88
847
60
Csepany T, Boczan J, Magyar M T. et al .
Miller Fisher syndrome – manifestation of lung cancer in a previously apparently healthy individual.
J Neurol.
2004;
251
898-900
61
Alimonti A, Di Cosimo S, Di Stani F. et al .
Subacute motor weakness and left renal mass.
Am J Med.
2003;
114
706-708
62
Krampfl K, Mohammadi B, Buchwald B. et al .
IgG from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels.
Muscle Nerve.
2003;
27
435-441
63
Toshniwal P.
Demyelinating optic neuropathy with Miller-Fisher syndrome. The case for overlap syndromes with central and peripheral demyelination.
J Neurol.
1987;
234
353-358
64
Hawley R J, Madrid R.
Post-infectious central and peripheral nervous system diseases in patient with Devic’s disease and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Eur J Neurol.
2003;
10
600
65
Hughes R A, Cameron J S, Hall S M. et al .
Multiple mononeuropathy as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus – nerve biopsy and response to plasma exchange.
J Neurol.
1982;
228
239-247
66
Huynh C, Ho S L, Fong K Y. et al .
Peripheral neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus.
J Clin Neurophysiol.
1999;
16
164-168
67
Lim A, Lydia A, Rim H. et al .
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Campylobacter enteritis.
Intern Med J.
2007;
37
724-728
68
Heckmann J G, Bohmer K, Druschky A. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome in association with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
Eur Neurol.
1998;
40
114-115
69
Desai S S, Allen E, Deodhar A.
Miller Fisher syndrome in adult onset Still’s disease: case report and review of the literature of other neurological manifestations.
Rheumatology.
2002;
41
216-222
70
Roca B, Ferrer D, Calvo B.
Temporal arteriitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
South Med J.
2002;
95
1081-1082
71
Polizzi A, Ruggieri M, Vecchio I. et al .
Autoimmune thyroiditis and acquired demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy.
Clin Neurol Neurosurg.
2001;
103
151-154
72
Potz G, Neundorfer B.
Polyradicular neuritis and Hashimoto’s thyreoiditis.
J Neurol.
1975;
210
283-289
73
Bosch X, Navarro M, Lopez-Soto A. et al .
Primary polyartheritis nodosa presenting as acute symmetric quadriplegia.
Clin Exp Rheumatol.
1999;
17
232-234
74
Goraya J S, Jayashree M, Ghosh D. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome in a child with Henoch-Schonlein Purpura.
Scand J Rheumatol.
1998;
27
310-312
75
Moormann B, Herath H, Mann O. et al .
Beteiligung des peripheren Nervensystems bei Morbus Crohn.
Nervenarzt.
1999;
70
1107-1111
76
Kohli R S, Bleibel W, Bleibel H.
Concurrent immune thrombocytopenic purpura and Guillain-Barre syndrome in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyreoiditis.
Am J Hematol.
2007;
82
307-308
77
Zeidman L A, Fahey C D, Grinblatt D L. et al .
Immunoglobulin for concurrent Guillain-Barre and immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
Pediatr Neurol.
2006;
34
60-62
78
Pryszmont M, Sierakowski S, Poplawska T. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome in a patient with primary sicca syndrome.
Neurol Neurochir Pol.
2000;
34
1235-1241
79
Schulze B K, Klein B, Oelerich M. et al .
Koinzidenz von Guillain-Barré-Syndrom und Myelitis.
Nervenarzt.
2007;
78
445-450
80
Rouanet-Larriviere M, Vital C, Arne P. et al .
Guillain-Barre syndrome occurring in two women after ketoacidosic comatose state disclosing an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
J Peripher Nerv Syst.
2000;
5
27-31
81
Kawabata H, Honda M, Kawamura T. et al .
A case of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) complicated with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy.
Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi.
2002;
99
1503-1507
82
Gutzler F, Andrassy K, Kommerell B. et al .
Guillain-Barré-Polyneuropathie bei Wegenerscher Granulomatose mit pulmorenalem Syndrom.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
1990;
115
372-377
Dr. med. Thomas Duning
Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie Universitätsklinikum Münster
Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33
48151 Münster
eMail: duningt@uni-muenster.de