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J Reconstr Microsurg
DOI: 10.1055/a-2803-4814
Original Article

Risk Scale to Guide Prophylactic Paraspinous Flap Closure in High-Risk Spine Surgery

Authors

  • Allison S. Karwoski

    1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

  • Esther Jung

    2   Department of Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

  • Kevin Schlidt

    2   Department of Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

  • Yvonne M. Rasko

    1   Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Abstract

Background

Wound failure after posterior spine surgery can lead to infection, hardware loss, and reoperation. Prophylactic paraspinous muscle flaps are used selectively, but the criteria to select which patients benefit most have not been consistent.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study (2011–2022) of complex posterior spine operations closed by plastic surgery at a single center. The exposure was a prophylactic paraspinous flap at the index operation versus standard primary closure. The primary outcome was a plastic surgery–managed wound complication requiring clinical intervention or return to the operating room. Using only routine pre- and intraoperative variables, we created a five-factor bedside score (obesity; lumbar/sacral level; albumin < 35 g/L [3.5 g/dL]; operative time > 250 minutes; American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] class ≥ 3) and a parallel logistic model that excluded treatment to estimate baseline risk and support decision making.

Results

Among 281 operations, 150/281 (53%) received prophylactic paraspinous closure. Plastic-surgery–managed wound complications occurred in 35/281 (12.5%). A simple baseline-risk model separated patients into low, intermediate, and high-risk groups with observed complication rates of 7.9, 11.7, and 23.2%, respectively. Model performance was modest (area under the ROC curve [AUC] 0.66; optimism-corrected AUC 0.56; Brier 0.106). In adjusted analyses, ASA ≥ 3 was associated with higher odds of a wound complication (adjusted OR: 9.35; 95% CI: 1.20–73.02). In the high-risk (4–5 points) group of the five-factor score, prophylactic closure reduced reoperations from 20.0% (4/20) to 0% (0/27; absolute risk reduction: 20%; number needed to treat: 5; p = 0.027). No significant differences were seen in the lower-risk groups.

Conclusion

A simple five-factor score stratifies baseline wound risk after posterior spine surgery and identifies patients most likely to benefit from prophylactic paraspinous flap closure. Selective, preoperative use in high-risk patients may reduce returns to the operating room.

Keywords

spine surgery - paraspinous muscle flap - risk stratification - surgical site infection - wound complications - reoperation


Publication History

Received: 20 October 2025

Accepted: 01 February 2026

Accepted Manuscript online:
04 February 2026

Article published online:
23 February 2026

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