From Galen to the Modern Anatomy Lab: The Evolving Role of Anatomy and Dissection in Microsurgery

Abstract

Background

Anatomy has long served as the foundation of surgical education and innovation. From the anatomical plates of the Renaissance to dissection theaters of the 18th century and currently modern cadaveric simulation labs and courses, the understanding of the human body has facilitated the evolution of microsurgery. This manuscript traces the historical connections between anatomical study and surgical advancement, focusing on anatomy's foundational role in the development of modern microsurgery.

Methods

A narrative historical review was undertaken, examining primary and secondary sources describing the progression of anatomical study, its integration into surgical education, and its influence on the emergence and refinement of microsurgical techniques. Key contributions by early anatomists, the rise of microsurgery, and the construction of dedicated cadaver labs and respective flap courses are described and examined here.

Results

This review demonstrates that anatomical investigation has continuously informed and shaped microsurgical practice. Early anatomists established the groundwork for understanding vascular and soft-tissue relationships, while later innovations—including detailed mapping of cutaneous and perforator vessels, refinement of vascular anastomosis techniques, and the introduction of specialized microsurgical tools—emerged from anatomical inquiry. The establishment of dedicated cadaver labs and flap courses further strengthened this link, providing structured environments where anatomical knowledge and operative technique could be integrated, rehearsed, and advanced. Across centuries, these developments collectively illustrate the central role of anatomical dissection in enabling the precision and innovation that define modern microsurgery.

Conclusion

As microsurgery advances alongside emerging technologies, the cadaver lab remains an irreplaceable cornerstone across all levels of surgical training—linking centuries of anatomical knowledge to the evolving demands of modern microsurgical practice.

Keywords

history - anatomy - education - dissection - flap - microsurgery

Publication History

Received: 11 July 2025

Accepted: 19 November 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
27 November 2025

Article published online:
09 December 2025

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