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J Reconstr Microsurg
DOI: 10.1055/a-2737-5205
Original Article

Stacked vs. Single Free Flaps in Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A National Analysis of Clinical and Financial Outcomes

Authors

  • Nisha Gupta

    1   Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States

  • Yasmine Ibrahim

    2   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States

  • Emili Elkins

    3   Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, California, Los Angeles, United States

  • Alberto R. Valenzuela

    3   Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, California, Los Angeles, United States

  • Nikhil L. Chervu

    3   Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, California, Los Angeles, United States

  • Saad Mallick

    3   Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, California, Los Angeles, United States

  • Peyman Benharash

    3   Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, California, Los Angeles, United States

  • Michael R. DeLong

    2   Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States

Funding Information P.B. received proctoring fees from Atricure Inc.
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Abstract

Background

Autologous breast reconstruction (ABR) is a reliable option for reconstruction after mastectomy. In cases where single donor sites do not offer adequate tissue, the use of “stacked” flaps, or multiple free flaps, can be brought together to provide optimal breast volume. This large-scale study aims to compare clinical outcomes, resource utilization, and readmission rates between single and stacked flaps.

Methods

The National Readmission Database was used to retrospectively identify adult female patients who underwent ABR with free flaps between 2016 and 2020. In this study, free flaps were restricted to nonpedicled types, with latissimus dorsi (LD) and pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps (TRAM) excluded. Patients were categorized based on flap type (single vs. stacked) using relevant International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) procedure codes. Patient demographics, hospital factors, complication rates, and readmission data were analyzed. The primary outcome was the difference in postoperative flap complication rates between single and stacked flaps.

Results

A total of 52,180 adult females were included for analysis. Of these, 51,140 (n = 98.5%) had single flaps and 783 patients (n = 1.5%) had stacked flaps. Use of stacked flaps was not statistically associated with higher odds of any flap complication (adjusted odds ratios: 1.16, p = 0.46) compared to single flaps. Stacked flaps were associated with longer length of stay and higher hospitalization costs, but there was no significant difference in 30-day readmission compared to the single flap cohort.

Conclusion

Our study found similar rates of overall flap complications between the cohorts. Thus, in cases where more tissue is needed or desired, the use of stacked flaps appears to be a safe and feasible option to ABR.

Keywords

breast - stacked flaps - clinical outcomes

Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 18 February 2025

Accepted: 03 November 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
05 November 2025

Article published online:
25 November 2025

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