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DOI: 10.1055/a-2463-6480
Nüchternheit vor elektiven Operationen

Ziel der präoperativen Nüchternheit ist eine Risikoreduktion im perioperativen Setting. Ging man früher davon aus „je länger nüchtern, desto besser“, liegt der Fokus heute auf Nüchternheitszeiten „so kurz wie möglich, aber so lange wie nötig“. Wichtig ist hierbei die Unterscheidung zwischen Nüchternheit für feste Kost und für klare Flüssigkeiten. Achtung: Das Anordnen von Nüchternheitsvorgaben ist eine medizinische Maßnahme, die nicht leichtfertig geschehen sollte und begründet werden muss.
Abstract
Recommendations for preoperative fasting are largely based on expert opinion with little evidence. In everyday clinical practice, fasting times should be as short as possible, but as long as necessary. It should be noted that the function of the stomach is to break down, homogenise and store food, so solid food remains in the stomach for hours, but clear liquids only for minutes. Because of the variability of surgical schedules, many areas still prescribe “nil per os after midnight”, resulting in liquid fasting times of 9–12 hours. However, prolonged fasting and dehydration increase perioperative risk and must be avoided. An operation should not be cancelled or postponed because a patient has chewed gum, sucked hard candy or smoked just before the induction of anaesthesia. Adults should be encouraged to drink clear liquids up to 2 hours before anaesthesia and are allowed to have non-clear liquids and light foods up to 6 hours and normal foods up to 8 hours before anaesthesia. Stomach emptying does not depend on age, however, since children are less likely to have delayed gastric emptying due to pre-existing conditions or medication, they have shorter fasting times. Children should be encouraged to drink clear liquids up to 1 hour, breast milk up to 3 hours, non-clear liquids and light foods up to 4 hours, and normal foods up to 6 hours before anaesthesia. The European guidelines on perioperative fasting are currently being revised. A key message will be that for many patient groups, the consequences of prolonged fasting pose a far greater risk than the risk of aspiration.
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Präoperative Nüchternheitsempfehlungen basieren weitgehend auf Expertenmeinungen, es gibt nur wenig Evidenz.
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Die Aufgaben des Magens sind die Aufspaltung, Homogenisierung und Speicherung von Nahrung, daher verbleibt feste Kost im Bereich von Stunden, klare Flüssigkeiten aber nur im Bereich von Minuten im Magen.
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Verlängerte Flüssigkeitskarenz und Dehydratation erhöhen das perioperative Risiko und müssen unbedingt vermieden werden.
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Da der OP-Plan sehr variabel ist, wird in vielen Bereichen immer noch „Nil per os nach Mitternacht“ verordnet, was zu Flüssigkeitskarenzzeiten von 9–12 Stunden führt.
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Nüchternheitszeiten sollten so kurz wie möglich, aber so lange wie nötig sein.
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Die Operation sollte nicht abgesagt oder verschoben werden, nur weil ein Patient unmittelbar vor der Einleitung der Narkose Kaugummi kaut, ein Bonbon lutscht oder raucht.
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Folgende Karenzzeiten gelten laut Leitlinien für Erwachsene: 2 Stunden für klare Flüssigkeiten, 6 Stunden für nicht-klare Flüssigkeiten und leichte Kost und 8 Stunden für normale Kost.
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Die Magenentleerung ist unabhängig vom Alter. Da Kinder seltener eine verzögerte Magenentleerung durch Vorerkrankungen oder Medikamenteneinnahme haben, gelten für sie kürzere Nüchternheitsvorgaben.
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Folgende Karenzzeiten gelten laut Leitlinien für Kinder: 1 Stunde für klare Flüssigkeiten, 3 Stunden für Muttermilch, 4 Stunden für nicht-klare Flüssigkeiten und leichte Kost und 6 Stunden für normale Kost.
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Folgende Karenzzeiten gelten laut Leitlinien für Erwachsene: 2 Stunden für klare Flüssigkeiten, 6 Stunden für leichte Kost und 8 Stunden für normale Kost.
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Die europäische Leitlinie zur perioperativen Nüchternheit wird derzeit überarbeitet. Eine Kernaussage wird sein, dass die Folgen überlanger Flüssigkeitskarenz für viele Patientengruppen eine weit höhere Gefahr darstellen als das Aspirationsrisiko.
Publikationsverlauf
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
28. August 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
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