Int J Sports Med
DOI: 10.1055/a-2282-0024
Training & Testing

The Acute: Chronic Workload Ratio and Injury Risk in Semiprofessional Football Players

1   Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
,
1   Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
,
1   Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
› Institutsangaben

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association and predictive capacity between the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and non-contact injuries in a semiprofessional football team. Seventeen football or soccer players from a Spanish Third Division football team participated voluntarily in this study. A prospective longitudinal study was developed during the 2020/2021 season. Twenty-four weeks were analyzed from October to March, including a regenerative microcycle due to the absence of competition during Christmas. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and session-rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) were registered for every training and game session. Afterward, acute and chronic workloads were calculated, and ACWR was subsequently derived from them. Furthermore, non-contact injuries were registered during the period mentioned. The main findings were that there is a poor correlation between the ACWR and non-contact injuries (r=0.069 (p<0.05)), and the use of the ACWR by itself is insufficient to predict the occurrence of non-contact injuries in a semiprofessional football team. Consequently, the ACWR is not an useful predictive tool for injuries in semiprofessional football teams.



Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 08. Juni 2023

Angenommen: 04. März 2024

Accepted Manuscript online:
05. März 2024

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
08. Mai 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
  • References

  • 1 Gusi N. Entrenamiento, preparaciones físicas y lesiones en el fútbol [Training, physical strength & conditioning and injuries in football]. Educ Física y Deport 2009; 21: 27-37
  • 2 López-Valenciano A, Ruiz-Pérez I, García-Gómez A. et al. Epidemiology of injuries in professional football: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 711-718
  • 3 Football Research Group. UEFA Elite Club Injury Study: 2016/17 season report (2017). In Internet: https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/uefaorg/Medical/02/49/97/62/2499762_DOWNLOAD.pdf; accessed: February 21, 2023
  • 4 Ekstrand J, Waldén M, Hägglund M. Hamstring injuries have increased by 4% annually in men’s professional football, since 2001: A 13-year longitudinal analysis of the UEFA Elite Club injury study. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 731-737
  • 5 Hägglund M, Waldén M, Magnusson H. et al. Injuries affect team performance negatively in professional football: An 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 738-742
  • 6 Hoffman DT, Dwyer DB, Bowe SJ. et al. Is injury associated with team performance in elite Australian football? 20 years of player injury and team performance data that include measures of individual player value. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 475-479
  • 7 Jaspers A, Kuyvenhoven JP, Staes F. et al. Examination of the external and internal load indicators’ association with overuse injuries in professional soccer players. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21: 579-585
  • 8 Rossi A, Pappalardo L, Cintia P. et al. Effective injury forecasting in soccer with GPS training data and machine learning. PLoS One 2017; 13: 1-15
  • 9 Croisier JL, Ganteaume S, Binet J. et al. Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional soccer players: A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36: 1469-1475
  • 10 Grooms DR, Palmer T, Onate JA. et al. Soccer-specific warm-up and lower extremity injury rates in collegiate male soccer players. J Athl Train 2013; 48: 782-789
  • 11 Nédélec M, Halson S, Delecroix B. et al. Sleep Hygiene and Recovery Strategies in Elite Soccer Players. Sport Med 2015; 45: 1547-1559
  • 12 Borg G. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: 377-381
  • 13 Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Coutts AJ. et al. Use of RPE-based training load in soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 1042-1047
  • 14 Haddad M, Stylianides G, Djaoui L. et al. Session-RPE method for training load monitoring: Validity, ecological usefulness, and influencing factors. Front Neurosci 2017; 11: 1-14
  • 15 Casamichana D, Castellano J, Calleja-Gonzalez J. et al. Relationship between indicators of training load in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 369-374
  • 16 Gabbett TJ. The training-injury prevention paradox: Should athletes be training smarter and harder?. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 273-280
  • 17 Hulin BT, Gabbett TJ, Lawson DW. et al. The acute: Chronic workload ratio predicts injury: High chronic workload may decrease injury risk in elite rugby league players. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 231-236
  • 18 Malone S, Owen A, Newton M. et al. The acute:chonic workload ratio in relation to injury risk in professional soccer. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20: 561-565
  • 19 Bowen L, Gross AS, Gimpel M. et al. Spikes in acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) associated with a 5-7 times greater injury rate in English Premier League football players: A comprehensive 3-year study. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 731-738
  • 20 Blanch P, Gabbett TJ. Has the athlete trained enough to return to play safely? The acute:chronic workload ratio permits clinicians to quantify a player’s risk of subsequent injury. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 471-475
  • 21 Impellizzeri FM, Woodcock S, Coutts AJ. et al. What Role Do Chronic Workloads Play in the Acute to Chronic Workload Ratio? Time to Dismiss ACWR and Its Underlying Theory. Sport Med 2021; 51: 581-592
  • 22 Fanchini M, Rampinini E, Riggio M. et al. Despite association, the acute:chronic work load ratio does not predict non-contact injury in elite footballers. Sci Med Footb 2018; 2: 108-114
  • 23 Griffin A, Kenny IC, Comyns TM. et al. The Association Between the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio and Injury and its Application in Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sport Med 2020; 50: 561-580
  • 24 Impellizzeri FM, Tenan MS, Kempton T. et al. Acute: Chronic workload ratio: Conceptual issues and fundamental pitfalls. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15: 907-913
  • 25 McKay AKA, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES. et al. Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17: 317-331
  • 26 Foster C, Florhaug JA, Franklin J. et al. A new approach to monitoring exercise training. J Strength Cond Res 2001; 15: 109-115
  • 27 Fanchini M, Ferraresi I, Petruolo A. et al. Is a retrospective RPE appropriate in soccer? Response shift and recall bias. Sci Med Footb 2017; 1: 53-59
  • 28 Williams S, West S, Cross MJ. et al. Better way to determine the acute: Chronic workload ratio?. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 209-210
  • 29 Murray NB, Gabbett TJ, Townshend AD. et al. Calculating acute: Chronic workload ratios using exponentially weighted moving averages provides a more sensitive indicator of injury likelihood than rolling averages. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 749-754
  • 30 Hägglund M, Waldén M, Bahr R. et al. Methods for epidemiological study of injuries to professional football players: Developing the UEFA model. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 340-346
  • 31 Doege J, Ayres JM, Mackay MJ. et al. Defining Return to Sport: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sport Med 2021; 9: 1-8
  • 32 Kent P, Hancock MJ. Interpretation of dichotomous outcomes: sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and pre-test and post-test probability. J Physiother 2016; 62: 231-233
  • 33 van Beijsterveldt AM, Stubbe JH, Schmikli SL. et al. Differences in injury risk and characteristics between Dutch amateur and professional soccer players. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18: 145-149
  • 34 Hägglund M, Waldén M, Ekstrand J. Injury recurrence is lower at the highest professional football level than at national and amateur levels: Does sports medicine and sports physiotherapy deliver?. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 751-758
  • 35 Manson J, Rahlf AL, Groll A. et al. The interval between matches significantly influences injury risk in field hockey. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43: 262-268
  • 36 Pillay L, Burgess D, van Rensburg DCJ. et al. The congested international Match calendar in football : Views of 1055 professional male players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14: 200 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00597-w.
  • 37 Carling C, Mccall A, Le Gall F. et al. The impact of short periods of match congestion on injury risk and patterns in an elite football club. J Sports Med 2015; 0: 1-6
  • 38 Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ. et al. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 2: A review of prevention programs aimed to modify risk factors and to reduce injury rates. Knee Surgery. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc 2009; 17: 859-879
  • 39 van Dyk N, Farooq A, Bahr R. et al. Hamstring and Ankle Flexibility Deficits Are Weak Risk Factors for Hamstring Injury in Professional Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 438 Players Including 78 Injuries. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46: 2203-2210
  • 40 Arnason A, Sigurdsson SB, Gudmundsson A. et al. Risk Factors for Injuries in Football. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 5-16
  • 41 Yu B, Garrett WE. Mechanisms of non-contact ACL injuries. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41: 47-51
  • 42 Gregson W, Di Salvo V, Varley MC. et al. Harmful association of sprinting with muscle injury occurrence in professional soccer match-play: A two-season, league wide exploratory investigation from the Qatar Stars League. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23: 134-138
  • 43 McCall A, Dupont G, Ekstrand J. Internal workload and non-contact injury: A one-season study of five teams from the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52: 1517-1522