Auswirkungen eines hohen Geburtsgewichts auf die Entwicklung von Kindern im Vorschulalter

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Ein hohes Geburtsgewicht über 4000 g kann zu Risiken in der Entwicklung betroffener Kinder führen. Der Zusammenhang ist weniger untersucht als die Auswirkungen eines sehr niedrigen Geburtsgewichtes und ist Gegenstand dieser Studie.

Methoden Das retrospektive Studiendesign verwendet Daten aus den Schuleingangsuntersuchungen in Schleswig-Holstein (Deutschland), die 2014–2017 erhoben wurden und 88858 Kinder im Alter von 5–6 Jahren einschlossen. Untersucht wurden die Endpunkte Sprache, Motorik, Kognition und Verhalten, die Inanspruchnahme von Fördermaßnahmen sowie die Empfehlung für schulischen Förderbedarf. Logistische Regressionsmodelle wurden verwendet, um den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Geburtsgewicht und den Zielgrößen unter Berücksichtigung soziodemographischer Einflussfaktoren zu schätzen.

Ergebnisse Unter Berücksichtigung soziodemographischer Faktoren ist ein hohes Geburtsgewicht nicht mit einer beeinträchtigten kindlichen Entwicklung assoziiert, wohingegen sich ein niedriges Geburtsgewicht als signifikanter Prädiktor erweist. Über alle Geburtsgewichte gesehen erklären soziodemographische Faktoren den größten Anteil der Varianz in den multivariaten Modellen zum Einfluss des Geburtsgewichtes auf die kindliche Entwicklung.

Schlussfolgerungen Ein sehr hohes Geburtsgewicht rechtfertigt eine allgemeine Empfehlung für Fördermaßnahmen nicht. Daher sollten die individuellen Entwicklungsverläufe beobachtet werden. Das Aufwachsen in benachteiligten Lebensumständen kann ein bedeutsames Risiko darstellen und sollte Anlass für eine frühe Förderung sein.

Abstract

Background A high birth weight above 4,000 g may lead to risks in the development of affected children. The association is less studied than the effects of very low birth weight and is the subject of this study.

Methods The retrospective study design used data from school entry surveys in Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) collected in 2014–2017 and included 88,858 children aged 5–6 years. End points examined were language, motor skills, cognition, and behavior; use of support measures; and recommendation for special educational needs. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between birth weight and the outcome measures, adjusting for sociodemographic factors.

Results After accounting for sociodemographic factors, high birth weight is not associated with impaired child development, whereas low birth weight emerges as a significant predictor. Across all birth weights, sociodemographic factors explain most of the variance in multivariate models of the influence of birth weight on child development.

Conclusions Very high birth weight does not justify a general recommendation for support measures. Therefore, individual developmental trajectories should be monitored. Growing up in disadvantaged circumstances may represent a significant risk and should be a reason for early intervention.

Schlüsselwörter

Geburtsgewicht - Entwicklungsstörungen - Vorschulkinder - Fördermaßnahmen - Soziodemographische Faktoren

Key words

birthweight - child development disorders - preschool children - educational early intervention - sociodemographic factors

Publication History

Received: 30 May 2023

Accepted: 14 August 2023

Article published online:
27 September 2023

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