Anforderungen für den 3-D-Druck von Implantaten

Zusammenfassung

3-D-Druck wird in der Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie zunehmend für die Herstellung patientenspezifischer Implantate verwendet. Ziel dieses strukturierten Reviews ist es, aktuelle Merkmale und Fähigkeiten zu ermitteln und hieraus Anforderungen an das Implantatdesign und den -druck abzuleiten. Hierzu wurden 98 Veröffentlichungen der letzten 5 Jahre analysiert.

Neben Kunststoffen und Metallen können auch biologisches Material und Medikamentensuspensionen zum Druck verwendet werden. Der 3-D-Druck bietet den Vorteil, dass die Implantate individuell an die Anatomie und Pathologie des Patienten angepasst werden können, also auch bewusst Einfluss auf biomechanischen und -mimetischen Eigenschaften genommen werden kann. Beispielsweise kann die Oberfläche der Implantate gezielt so optimiert werden, dass eine Osteoinduktivität bewirkt wird. Angewandt wird das Verfahren zum Gelenk- und Knochenersatz sowie für Knorpel- und Weichteilrekonstruktionen.

Somit ergeben sich diverse Anforderungen an das Design und die Herstellung. Da es sich um ein sehr zeit- und kostenintensives Verfahren handelt, sollte eine klare Überlegenheit zu herkömmlichen Behandlungsmethoden bestehen. Aufgrund der Komplexität des Prozesses ist eine Qualitätssicherung unabdingbar, um die Sicherheit des Patienten zu gewährleisten.

Bei komplexen oder von der Norm abweichenden Fällen wird der 3-D-Druck sich zunehmend durchsetzen. Um Qualität zu gewährleisten und effiziente Prozesse zu etablieren, ist eine engere Verzahnung zwischen Behandlern und Herstellern unabdingbar.

Abstract

3D printing is increasingly used in trauma and orthopedic surgery for the fabrication of patient-specific implants. The aim of this structured review is to identify current features and capabilities, and to derive implant design and printing requirements from these. For this purpose, 98 publications from the last 5 years were analyzed.

In addition to polymers and metals, biological material and drug suspensions can be used for printing. The advantage of 3D printing is that implants can be individually adapted to the patient's anatomy and pathology, i.e. biomechanical and -mimetic properties can be deliberately influenced. For example, the surface of the implants can be specifically optimized to achieve osteoinductivity. The process is used for joint and bone replacement as well as for cartilage and soft tissue reconstruction.

This results in various design and manufacturing requirements. Since it is a very time-consuming and cost-intensive procedure, there should be a clear superiority to conventional treatment methods. Due to the complexity of the process, quality assurance is essential to ensure patient safety.

For complex cases or those that deviate from the norm, 3D printing will become increasingly popular. In order to ensure quality and establish efficient processes, closer interaction between treatment providers and manufacturers is essential.

Schlüsselwörter

3-D-Druck - patientenspezifische Implantate - Orthopädie - Unfallchirurgie - Qualitätssicherung

Key words

3D print - patient-specific implant - orthopedic surgery - trauma surgery - quality assurance

Publication History

Article published online:
14 February 2022

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