Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28(2): 213-221
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976493
Copyright © 2007 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Human Metapneumovirus

Céline Deffrasnes1 , 2 , Marie-Ève Hamelin1 , 2 , Guy Boivin1 , 2
  • 1Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
  • 2Research Center in Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Quebec, Canada
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
25 April 2007 (online)

ABSTRACT

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly discovered paramyxovirus associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections most commonly in young children, elderly subjects, and immunocompromised patients. hMPV can cause severe infections such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia and is responsible for 5 to 10% of hospitalizations of children suffering from acute respiratory tract infections. Such infections are indistinguishable from those caused by human respiratory syncytial virus. The first hMPV infection occurs during early childhood but reinfections are common throughout life, especially in older subjects. Molecular methods such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are the preferred diagnostic modality due to fastidious growth in cell culture. Promising experimental models have been developed to better understand hMPV pathogenesis and to evaluate the potential effect of different therapeutic modalities. No commercial treatments are yet available for hMPV, although ribavirin has shown activity both in vitro and in animal models. Live attenuated vaccines produced by reverse genetics have also shown good efficacy in animals.

REFERENCES

  • 1 van den Hoogen B G, de Jong J C, Groen J et al.. A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease.  Nat Med. 2001;  7 719-724
  • 2 Ebihara T, Endo R, Kikuta H et al.. Seroprevalence of human metapneumovirus in Japan.  J Med Virol. 2003;  70 281-283
  • 3 Wolf D G, Zakay-Rones Z, Fadeela A, Greenberg D, Dagan R. High seroprevalence of human metapneumovirus among young children in Israel.  J Infect Dis. 2003;  188 1865-1867
  • 4 Peret T C, Boivin G, Li Y et al.. Characterization of human metapneumoviruses isolated from patients in North America.  J Infect Dis. 2002;  185 1660-1663
  • 5 Noyola D E, Rodriguez-Moreno G, Sanchez-Alvarado J, Martinez-Wagner R, Ochoa-Zavala J R. Viral etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in Mexico.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;  23 118-123
  • 6 Esper F, Boucher D, Weibel C, Martinello R A, Kahn J S. Human metapneumovirus infection in the United States: clinical manifestations associated with a newly emerging respiratory infection in children.  Pediatrics. 2003;  111(6 Pt 1) 1407-1410
  • 7 Galiano M, Videla C, Puch S S, Martinez A, Echavarria M, Carballal G. Evidence of human metapneumovirus in children in Argentina.  J Med Virol. 2004;  72 299-303
  • 8 Cuevas L E, Nasser A M, Dove W, Gurgel R Q, Greensill J, Hart C A. Human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, Brazil.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;  9 1626-1628
  • 9 Mirazo S, Ruchansky D, Blanc A, Arbiza J. Serologic evidence of human metapneumovirus circulation in Uruguay.  Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2005;  100 715-718
  • 10 Gray G C, Capuano A W, Setterquist S F et al.. Human metapneumovirus, Peru.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;  12 347-350
  • 11 von Linstow M L, Henrik Larsen H, Eugen-Olsen J et al.. Human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized Danish children with acute respiratory tract infection.  Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;  36 578-584
  • 12 Christensen A, Nordbo S A, Jeansson S, Slordahl S. Lower respiratory tract infection caused by human metapneumovirus in two children: the first report of human metapneumovirus infection in Norway.  Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;  35 772-774
  • 13 Stockton J, Stephenson I, Fleming D, Zambon M. Human metapneumovirus as a cause of community-acquired respiratory illness.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;  8 897-901
  • 14 Maggi F, Pifferi M, Vatteroni M et al.. Human metapneumovirus associated with respiratory tract infections in a 3-year study of nasal swabs from infants in Italy.  J Clin Microbiol. 2003;  41 2987-2991
  • 15 Jartti T, van den Hoogen B, Garofalo R P, Osterhaus A D, Ruuskanen O. Metapneumovirus and acute wheezing in children.  Lancet. 2002;  360 1393-1394
  • 16 Freymouth F, Vabret A, Legrand L et al.. Presence of the new human metapneumovirus in French children with bronchiolitis.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;  22 92-94
  • 17 Peiris J S, Tang W H, Chan K H et al.. Children with respiratory disease associated with metapneumovirus in Hong Kong.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;  9 628-633
  • 18 Thanasugarn W, Samransamruajkit R, Vanapongtipagorn P et al.. Human metapneumovirus infection in Thai children.  Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;  35 754-756
  • 19 Madhi S A, Ludewick H, Abed Y, Klugman K P, Boivin G. Human metapneumovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infections among hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected and HIV-1-uninfected African infants.  Clin Infect Dis. 2003;  37 1705-1710
  • 20 Nissen M D, Siebert D J, Mackay I M, Sloots T P, Withers S J. Evidence of human metapneumovirus in Australian children.  Med J Aust. 2002;  176 188
  • 21 van den Hoogen B G, Bestebroer T M, Osterhaus A D, Fouchier R A. Analysis of the genomic sequence of a human metapneumovirus.  Virology. 2002;  295 119-132
  • 22 Hall C B. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  344 1917-1928
  • 23 Biacchesi S, Skiadopoulos M H, Boivin G et al.. Genetic diversity between human metapneumovirus subgroups.  Virology. 2003;  315 1-9
  • 24 Skiadopoulos M H, Biacchesi S, Buchholz U J et al.. Individual contributions of the human metapneumovirus F, G, and SH surface glycoproteins to the induction of neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity.  Virology. 2006;  345 492-501
  • 25 Boivin G, Mackay I, Sloots T P et al.. Global genetic diversity of human metapneumovirus fusion gene.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;  10 1154-1157
  • 26 Mackay I M, Bialasiewicz S, Waliuzzaman Z et al.. Use of the P gene to genotype human metapneumovirus identifies 4 viral subtypes.  J Infect Dis. 2004;  190 1913-1918
  • 27 van den Hoogen B G, Herfst S, Sprong L et al.. Antigenic and genetic variability of human metapneumoviruses.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;  10 658-666
  • 28 Huck B, Scharf G, Neumann-Haefelin D, Puppe W, Weigl J, Falcone V. Novel human metapneumovirus sublineage.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;  12 147-150
  • 29 Ishiguro N, Ebihara T, Endo R et al.. High genetic diversity of the attachment (G) protein of human metapneumovirus.  J Clin Microbiol. 2004;  42 3406-3414
  • 30 Skiadopoulos M H, Biacchesi S, Buchholz U J et al.. The two major human metapneumovirus genetic lineages are highly related antigenically, and the fusion (F) protein is a major contributor to this antigenic relatedness.  J Virol. 2004;  78 6927-6937
  • 31 Vicente D, Montes M, Cilla G, Perez-Yarza E G, Perez-Trallero E. Differences in clinical severity between genotype A and genotype B human metapneumovirus infection in children.  Clin Infect Dis. 2006;  42 e111-e113
  • 32 Agapov E, Sumino K C, Gaudreault-Keener M, Storch G A, Holtzman M J. Genetic variability of human metapneumovirus infection: evidence of a shift in viral genotype without a change in illness.  J Infect Dis. 2006;  193 396-403
  • 33 Boivin G, Abed Y, Pelletier G et al.. Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups.  J Infect Dis. 2002;  186 1330-1334
  • 34 Williams J V, Wang C K, Yang C F et al.. The role of human metapneumovirus in upper respiratory tract infections in children: a 20-year experience.  J Infect Dis. 2006;  193 387-395
  • 35 Bastien N, Ward D, Van Caeseele P et al.. Human metapneumovirus infection in the Canadian population.  J Clin Microbiol. 2003;  41 4642-4646
  • 36 Boivin G, De Serres G, Cote S et al.. Human metapneumovirus infections in hospitalized children.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;  9 634-640
  • 37 Bouscambert-Duchamp M, Lina B, Trompette A, Moret H, Motte J, Andreoletti L. Detection of human metapneumovirus RNA sequences in nasopharyngeal aspirates of young French children with acute bronchiolitis by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and phylogenetic analysis.  J Clin Microbiol. 2005;  43 1411-1414
  • 38 Esper F, Martinello R A, Boucher D et al.. A 1-year experience with human metapneumovirus in children aged < 5 years.  J Infect Dis. 2004;  189 1388-1396
  • 39 McAdam A J, Hasenbein M E, Feldman H A et al.. Human metapneumovirus in children tested at a tertiary-care hospital.  J Infect Dis. 2004;  190 20-26
  • 40 Mullins J A, Erdman D D, Weinberg G A et al.. Human metapneumovirus infection among children hospitalized with acute respiratory illness.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;  10 700-705
  • 41 Nicholson K G, McNally T, Silverman M, Simons P, Stockton J D, Zambon M C. Rates of hospitalisation for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus among infants and young children.  Vaccine. 2006;  24 102-108
  • 42 van den Hoogen B G, van Doornum G J, Fockens J C et al.. Prevalence and clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized patients.  J Infect Dis. 2003;  188 1571-1577
  • 43 Viazov S, Ratjen F, Scheidhauer R, Fiedler M, Roggendorf M. High prevalence of human metapneumovirus infection in young children and genetic heterogeneity of the viral isolates.  J Clin Microbiol. 2003;  41 3043-3045
  • 44 Williams J V, Harris P A, Tollefson S J et al.. Human metapneumovirus and lower respiratory tract disease in otherwise healthy infants and children.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  350 443-450
  • 45 Ordas J, Boga J A, Alvarez-Arguelles M et al.. Role of metapneumovirus in viral respiratory infections in young children.  J Clin Microbiol. 2006;  44 2739-2742
  • 46 IJpma F F, Beekhuis D, Cotton M F et al.. Human metapneumovirus infection in hospital referred South African children.  J Med Virol. 2004;  73 486-493
  • 47 Sloots T P, Mackay I M, Bialasiewicz S et al.. Human metapneumovirus, Australia, 2001-2004.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;  12 1263-1266
  • 48 Leung J, Esper F, Weibel C, Kahn J S. Seroepidemiology of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) on the basis of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing hMPV fusion protein expressed in recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus.  J Clin Microbiol. 2005;  43 1213-1219
  • 49 Hamelin M E, Boivin G. Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human metapneumovirus serology based on a recombinant viral protein.  Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;  12 249-253
  • 50 Hamelin M E, Cote S, Laforge J et al.. Human metapneumovirus infection in adults with community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.  Clin Infect Dis. 2005;  41 498-502
  • 51 Pelletier G, Dery P, Abed Y, Boivin G. Respiratory tract reinfections by the new human metapneumovirus in an immunocompromised child.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;  8 976-978
  • 52 Ebihara T, Endo R, Ishiguro N, Nakayama T, Sawada H, Kikuta H. Early reinfection with human metapneumovirus in an infant.  J Clin Microbiol. 2004;  42 5944-5946
  • 53 Morrow B M, Hatherill M, Smuts H E, Yeats J, Pitcher R, Argent A C. Clinical course of hospitalised children infected with human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.  J Paediatr Child Health. 2006;  42 174-178
  • 54 Ebihara T, Endo R, Kikuta H et al.. Human metapneumovirus infection in Japanese children.  J Clin Microbiol. 2004;  42 126-132
  • 55 Mahalingam S, Schwarze J, Zaid A et al.. Perspective on the host response to human metapneumovirus infection: what can we learn from respiratory syncytial virus infections?.  Microbes Infect. 2006;  8 285-293
  • 56 Regev L, Hindiyeh M, Shulman L M et al.. Characterization of human metapneumovirus infections in Israel.  J Clin Microbiol. 2006;  44 1484-1489
  • 57 Chano F, Rousseau C, Laferriere C, Couillard M, Charest H. Epidemiological survey of human metapneumovirus infection in a large pediatric tertiary care center.  J Clin Microbiol. 2005;  43 5520-5525
  • 58 Kahn J S. Epidemiology of human metapneumovirus.  Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;  19 546-557
  • 59 Robinson J L, Lee B E, Bastien N, Li Y. Seasonality and clinical features of human metapneumovirus infection in children in Northern Alberta.  J Med Virol. 2005;  76 98-105
  • 60 van den Hoogen B G, Osterhaus D M, Fouchier R A. Clinical impact and diagnosis of human metapneumovirus infection.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;  23(Suppl 1) S25-S32
  • 61 Williams J V, Tollefson S J, Nair S, Chonmaitree T. Association of human metapneumovirus with acute otitis media.  Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;  70 1189-1193
  • 62 Schildgen O, Geikowski T, Glatzel T, Schuster J, Simon A. Frequency of human metapneumovirus in the upper respiratory tract of children with symptoms of an acute otitis media.  Eur J Pediatr. 2005;  164 400-401
  • 63 Schildgen O, Simon A. Induction of acute otitis media by human metapneumovirus.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;  24 1126
  • 64 Crowe Jr J E. Human metapneumovirus as a major cause of human respiratory tract disease.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;  23(Suppl 11) S215-S221
  • 65 Bosis S, Esposito S, Niesters H G, Crovari P, Osterhaus A D, Principi N. Impact of human metapneumovirus in childhood: comparison with respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses.  J Med Virol. 2005;  75 101-104
  • 66 Foulongne V, Guyon G, Rodiere M, Segondy M. Human metapneumovirus infection in young children hospitalized with respiratory tract disease.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;  25 354-359
  • 67 Falsey A R, Erdman D, Anderson L J, Walsh E E. Human metapneumovirus infections in young and elderly adults.  J Infect Dis. 2003;  187 785-790
  • 68 Williams J V, Crowe Jr J E, Enriquez R et al.. Human metapneumovirus infection plays an etiologic role in acute asthma exacerbations requiring hospitalization in adults.  J Infect Dis. 2005;  192 1149-1153
  • 69 Rohde G, Borg I, Arinir U et al.. Relevance of human metapneumovirus in exacerbations of COPD.  Respir Res. 2005;  6 150
  • 70 Hamelin M E, Prince G A, Gomez A M, Kinkead R, Boivin G. Human metapneumovirus infection induces long-term pulmonary inflammation associated with airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness in mice.  J Infect Dis. 2006;  193 1634-1642
  • 71 Larcher C, Geltner C, Fischer H, Nachbaur D, Muller L C, Huemer H P. Human metapneumovirus infection in lung transplant recipients: clinical presentation and epidemiology.  J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;  24 1891-1901
  • 72 Sumino K C, Agapov E, Pierce R A et al.. Detection of severe human metapneumovirus infection by real-time polymerase chain reaction and histopathological assessment.  J Infect Dis. 2005;  192 1052-1060
  • 73 Englund J A, Boeckh M, Kuypers J et al.. Brief communication: fatal human metapneumovirus infection in stem-cell transplant recipients.  Ann Intern Med. 2006;  144 344-349
  • 74 Cane P A, van den Hoogen B G, Chakrabarti S, Fegan C D, Osterhaus A D. Human metapneumovirus in a haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient with fatal lower respiratory tract disease.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;  31 309-310
  • 75 Debiaggi M, Canducci F, Sampaolo M et al.. Persistent symptomless human metapneumovirus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.  J Infect Dis. 2006;  194 474-478
  • 76 Greensill J, McNamara P S, Dove W, Flanagan B, Smyth R L, Hart C A. Human metapneumovirus in severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;  9 372-375
  • 77 Semple M G, Cowell A, Dove W et al.. Dual infection of infants by human metapneumovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus is strongly associated with severe bronchiolitis.  J Infect Dis. 2005;  191 382-386
  • 78 van Woensel J B, Bos A P, Lutter R, Rossen J W, Schuurman R. Absence of human metapneumovirus co-infection in cases of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection.  Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;  41 872-874
  • 79 Lazar I, Weibel C, Dziura J, Ferguson D, Landry M L, Kahn J S. Human metapneumovirus and severity of respiratory syncytial virus disease.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;  10 1318-1320
  • 80 Sasaki A, Suzuki H, Saito R et al.. Prevalence of human metapneumovirus and influenza virus infections among Japanese children during two successive winters.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;  24 905-908
  • 81 Chan P K, Tam J S, Lam C W et al.. Human metapneumovirus detection in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;  9 1058-1063
  • 82 Poutanen S M, Low D E, Henry B et al.. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada.  N Engl J Med. 2003;  348 1995-2005
  • 83 Fouchier R A, Kuiken T, Schutten M et al.. Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus.  Nature. 2003;  423 240
  • 84 Schildgen O, Glatzel T, Geikowski T et al.. Human metapneumovirus RNA in encephalitis patient.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;  11 467-470
  • 85 Vargas S O, Kozakewich H P, Perez-Atayde A R, McAdam A J. Pathology of human metapneumovirus infection: insights into the pathogenesis of a newly identified respiratory virus.  Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2004;  7 478-486
  • 86 Kuiken T, van den Hoogen B G, van Riel D A et al.. Experimental human metapneumovirus infection of Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) results in virus replication in ciliated epithelial cells and pneumocytes with associated lesions throughout the respiratory tract.  Am J Pathol. 2004;  164 1893-1900
  • 87 Douville R N, Bastien N, Li Y, Pochard P, Simons F E, HayGlass K T. Human metapneumovirus elicits weak IFN-gamma memory responses compared with respiratory syncytial virus.  J Immunol. 2006;  176 5848-5855
  • 88 Guerrero-Plata A, Casola A, Suarez G et al.. Differential response of dendritic cells to human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.  Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006;  34 320-329
  • 89 Laham F R, Israele V, Casellas J M et al.. Differential production of inflammatory cytokines in primary infection with human metapneumovirus and with other common respiratory viruses of infancy.  J Infect Dis. 2004;  189 2047-2056
  • 90 Alvarez R, Harrod K S, Shieh W J, Zaki S, Tripp R A. Human metapneumovirus persists in BALB/c mice despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies.  J Virol. 2004;  78 14003-14011
  • 91 Hamelin M E, Yim K, Kuhn K H et al.. Pathogenesis of human metapneumovirus lung infection in BALB/c mice and cotton rats.  J Virol. 2005;  79 8894-8903
  • 92 MacPhail M, Schickli J H, Tang R S et al.. Identification of small-animal and primate models for evaluation of vaccine candidates for human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and implications for hMPV vaccine design.  J Gen Virol. 2004;  85(Pt 6) 1655-1663
  • 93 Williams J V, Tollefson S J, Johnson J E, Crowe Jr J E. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a permissive small animal model of human metapneumovirus infection, pathogenesis, and protective immunity.  J Virol. 2005;  79 10944-10951
  • 94 Wyde P R, Chetty S N, Jewell A M, Schoonover S L, Piedra P A. Development of a cotton rat-human metapneumovirus (hMPV) model for identifying and evaluating potential hMPV antivirals and vaccines.  Antiviral Res. 2005;  66 57-66
  • 95 Tang R S, Schickli J H, MacPhail M et al.. Effects of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus antigen insertion in two 3′ proximal genome positions of bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 on virus replication and immunogenicity.  J Virol. 2003;  77 10819-10828
  • 96 Alvarez R, Tripp R A. The immune response to human metapneumovirus is associated with aberrant immunity and impaired virus clearance in BALB/c mice.  J Virol. 2005;  79 5971-5978
  • 97 Guerrero-Plata A, Casola A, Garofalo R P. Human metapneumovirus induces a profile of lung cytokines distinct from that of respiratory syncytial virus.  J Virol. 2005;  79 14992-14997
  • 98 Darniot M, Petrella T, Aho S, Pothier P, Manoha C. Immune response and alteration of pulmonary function after primary human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection of BALB/c mice.  Vaccine. 2005;  23 4473-4480
  • 99 Guerrero-Plata A, Baron S, Poast J S, Adegboyega P A, Casola A, Garofalo R P. Activity and regulation of alpha interferon in respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus experimental infections.  J Virol. 2005;  79 10190-10199
  • 100 Maertzdorf J, Wang C K, Brown J B et al.. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of human metapneumoviruses from all known genetic lineages.  J Clin Microbiol. 2004;  42 981-986
  • 101 Cote S, Abed Y, Boivin G. Comparative evaluation of real-time PCR assays for detection of the human metapneumovirus.  J Clin Microbiol. 2003;  41 3631-3635
  • 102 Mackay I M, Jacob K C, Woolhouse D et al.. Molecular assays for detection of human metapneumovirus.  J Clin Microbiol. 2003;  41 100-105
  • 103 Deffrasnes C, Cote S, Boivin G. Analysis of replication kinetics of the human metapneumovirus in different cell lines by real-time PCR.  J Clin Microbiol. 2005;  43 488-490
  • 104 Hamelin M E, Abed Y, Boivin G. Human metapneumovirus: a new player among respiratory viruses.  Clin Infect Dis. 2004;  38 983-990
  • 105 Ingram R E, Fenwick F, McGuckin R, Tefari A, Taylor C, Toms G L. Detection of human metapneumovirus in respiratory secretions by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, indirect immunofluorescence, and virus isolation in human bronchial epithelial cells.  J Med Virol. 2006;  78 1223-1231
  • 106 Ebihara T, Endo R, Ma X, Ishiguro N, Kikuta H. Detection of human metapneumovirus antigens in nasopharyngeal secretions by an immunofluorescent-antibody test.  J Clin Microbiol. 2005;  43 1138-1141
  • 107 Landry M L, Ferguson D, Cohen S, Peret T C, Erdman D D. Detection of human metapneumovirus in clinical samples by immunofluorescence staining of shell vial centrifugation cultures prepared from three different cell lines.  J Clin Microbiol. 2005;  43 1950-1952
  • 108 Gerna G, Sarasini A, Percivalle E, Genini E, Campanini G, Grazia Revello M. Simultaneous detection and typing of human metapneumovirus strains in nasopharyngeal secretions and cell cultures by monoclonal antibodies.  J Clin Virol. 2006;  35 113-116
  • 109 Percivalle E, Sarasini A, Visai L, Revello M G, Gerna G. Rapid detection of human metapneumovirus strains in nasopharyngeal aspirates and shell vial cultures by monoclonal antibodies.  J Clin Microbiol. 2005;  43 3443-3446
  • 110 Ulbrandt N D, Ji H, Patel N K et al.. Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies which neutralize human metapneumovirus in vitro and in vivo.  J Virol. 2006;  80 7799-7806
  • 111 Johnson S, Oliver C, Prince G A et al.. Development of a humanized monoclonal antibody (MEDI-493) with potent in vitro and in vivo activity against respiratory syncytial virus.  J Infect Dis. 1997;  176 1215-1224
  • 112 Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. The IMpact-RSV Study Group.  Pediatrics. 1998;  102(3 Pt 1) 531-537
  • 113 Wyde P R, Chetty S N, Jewell A M, Boivin G, Piedra P A. Comparison of the inhibition of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus by ribavirin and immune serum globulin in vitro.  Antiviral Res. 2003;  60 51-59
  • 114 Hamelin M E, Prince G A, Boivin G. Effect of ribavirin and glucocorticoid treatment in a mouse model of human metapneumovirus infection.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;  50 774-777
  • 115 Wyde P R, Moylett E H, Chetty S N, Jewell A, Bowlin T L, Piedra P A. Comparison of the inhibition of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus by NMSO3 in tissue culture assays.  Antiviral Res. 2004;  63 51-59
  • 116 Biacchesi S, Pham Q N, Skiadopoulos M H, Murphy B R, Collins P L, Buchholz U J. Infection of nonhuman primates with recombinant human metapneumovirus lacking the SH, G, or M2-2 protein categorizes each as a nonessential accessory protein and identifies vaccine candidates.  J Virol. 2005;  79 12608-12613
  • 117 Biacchesi S, Skiadopoulos M H, Tran K C, Murphy B R, Collins P L, Buchholz U J. Recovery of human metapneumovirus from cDNA: optimization of growth in vitro and expression of additional genes.  Virology. 2004;  321 247-259
  • 118 Biacchesi S, Skiadopoulos M H, Yang L et al.. Recombinant human metapneumovirus lacking the small hydrophobic SH and/or attachment G glycoprotein: deletion of G yields a promising vaccine candidate.  J Virol. 2004;  78 12877-12887
  • 119 Buchholz U J, Biacchesi S, Pham Q N et al.. Deletion of M2 gene open reading frames 1 and 2 of human metapneumovirus: effects on RNA synthesis, attenuation, and immunogenicity.  J Virol. 2005;  79 6588-6597
  • 120 Pham Q N, Biacchesi S, Skiadopoulos M H, Murphy B R, Collins P L, Buchholz U J. Chimeric recombinant human metapneumoviruses with the nucleoprotein or phosphoprotein open reading frame replaced by that of avian metapneumovirus exhibit improved growth in vitro and attenuation in vivo.  J Virol. 2005;  79 15114-15122
  • 121 Tang R S, Mahmood K, Macphail M et al.. A host-range restricted parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) expressing the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) fusion protein elicits protective immunity in African green monkeys.  Vaccine. 2005;  23 1657-1667
  • 122 Herd K A, Mahalingam S, Mackay I M, Nissen M, Sloots T P, Tindle R W. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope vaccination protects against human metapneumovirus infection and disease in mice.  J Virol. 2006;  80 2034-2044

Guy BoivinM.D. 

Research Center in Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUQ-CHUL

Rm. RC-709, 2705 Blvd. Laurier, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2

Email: guy.boivin@crchul.ulaval.ca

    >