Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-966362
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Music in the endoscopy suite: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies
Publication History
submitted 22 July 2006
accepted after revision 20 December 2006
Publication Date:
06 June 2007 (online)

Background and study aim: Prior studies have suggested that music therapy can provide stress relief and analgesia. In this meta-analysis we focused on the effects of music therapy on patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.
Materials and methods: A literature search using the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases and a manual search led to the inclusion of six randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of music therapy on patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. After data extraction, four separate meta-analyses were performed: in the three studies that did not use pharmacotherapy (group A), anxiety levels were used as a measure of efficacy; in the three studies in which pharmacotherapy was used (group B), sedation and analgesia requirements and procedure duration times were analyzed.
Results: A total of 641 patients were included in the analysis. In group A, patients receiving music therapy exhibited lower anxiety levels (8.6 % reduction, P = 0.004), compared with controls. In group B, patients receiving music therapy exhibited statistically significant reductions in analgesia requirements (29.7 % reduction, P = 0.001) and procedure times (21 % reduction, P = 0.002), and a reduction in sedation requirements that approached significance (15 % reduction, P = 0.055), in comparison with controls.
Conclusions: Music therapy is an effective tool for stress relief and analgesia in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.
References
- 1
Smith A F, Pittaway A J.
Premedication for anxiety in adult day surgery.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2003;
1
CD002192
MissingFormLabel
- 2
Mitchell M.
Patient anxiety and modern elective surgery: a literature review.
J Clin Nurs.
2003;
12
806-815
MissingFormLabel
- 3
Mohta M, Sethi A K, Tyagi A. et al .
Psychological care in trauma patients.
Injury.
2003;
34
17-25
MissingFormLabel
- 4
Watson A T, Visram A.
Children’s preoperative anxiety and postoperative behaviour.
Paediatr Anaesth.
2003;
13
188-204
MissingFormLabel
- 5
Moline L R.
Patient psychologic preparation for invasive procedures: an integrative review.
J Vasc Nurs.
2000;
18
117-122
MissingFormLabel
- 6
Pattison N.
Psychological implications of admission to critical care.
Br J Nurs.
2005;
14
708-714
MissingFormLabel
- 7
Brans B, van den Eynde F, Audenaert K. et al .
Depression and anxiety during isolation and radionuclide therapy.
Nucl Med Commun.
2003;
24
881-886
MissingFormLabel
- 8
Pellino T A, Gordon D B, Engelke Z K. et al .
Use of nonpharmacologic interventions for pain and anxiety after total hip and total
knee arthroplasty.
Orthop Nurs.
2005;
24
182-190
MissingFormLabel
- 9
Crone C C, Gabriel G M.
Treatment of anxiety and depression in transplant patients: pharmacokinetic considerations.
Clin Pharmacokinet.
2004;
43
361-394
MissingFormLabel
- 10
Rietveld S, Creer T L.
Psychiatric factors in asthma: implications for diagnosis and therapy.
Am J Respir Med.
2003;
2
1-10
MissingFormLabel
- 11
Brandt L J.
Patients’ attitudes and apprehensions about endoscopy: how to calm troubled waters.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2001;
96
280-284
MissingFormLabel
- 12
Jones M P, Ebert C C, Sloan T. et al .
Patient anxiety and elective gastrointestinal endoscopy.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
2004;
38
35-40
MissingFormLabel
- 13
Trevisani L, Sartori S, Putinati S. et al .
Assessment of anxiety levels in patients during diagnostic endoscopy [in Italian,
English abstract].
Recenti Prog Med.
2002;
93
240-244
MissingFormLabel
- 14
Ringel Y, Dalton C B, Brandt L J. et al .
Flexible sigmoidoscopy: the patients’ perception.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2002;
55
315-320
MissingFormLabel
- 15
Benninghoven D, Kaduk A, Wiegand U. et al .
Influence of anxiety on the course of heart disease after acute myocardial infarction:
risk factor or protective function?.
Psychother Psychosom.
2006;
75
56-61
MissingFormLabel
- 16
Kemper K J, Danhauer S C.
Music as therapy.
South Med J.
2005;
98
282-288
MissingFormLabel
- 17
Lopez-Cepero Andrada J M, Amaya Vidal A, Castro Aguilar-Tablada T. et al .
Anxiety during the performance of colonoscopies: modification using music therapy.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2004;
16
1381-1386
MissingFormLabel
- 18
Hayes A, Buffum M, Lanier E. et al .
Music intervention to reduce anxiety prior to gastrointestinal procedures.
Gastroenterol Nurs.
2003;
26
145-149
MissingFormLabel
- 19
Chlan L, Evans D, Greenleaf M. et al .
Effects of a single music therapy intervention on anxiety, discomfort, satisfaction,
and compliance with screening guidelines in outpatients undergoing flexible sigmoidoscopy.
Gastroenterol Nurs.
2000;
23
148-156
MissingFormLabel
- 20 Speilberger C D, Gorsuch R L, Lushene R. et al .STAI manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto CA; Consulting Psychologists Press 1970
MissingFormLabel
- 21
Smolen D, Topp R, Singer L.
The effect of self-selected music during colonoscopy on anxiety, heart rate, and blood
pressure.
Appl Nurs Res.
2002;
15
126-136
MissingFormLabel
- 22
Lee D W, Chan K W, Poon C M. et al .
Relaxation music decreases the dose of patient-controlled sedation during colonoscopy:
a prospective randomized controlled trial.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2002;
55
33-36
MissingFormLabel
- 23
Schiemann U, Gross M, Reuter R. et al .
Improved procedure of colonoscopy under accompanying music therapy.
Eur J Med Res.
2002;
7
131-134
MissingFormLabel
- 24
Salmore R G, Nelson J P.
The effect of preprocedure teaching, relaxation instruction and music on anxiety as
measured by blood pressures in an outpatient gastrointestinal endoscopy laboratory.
Gastroenterol Nurs.
2000;
23
102-110
MissingFormLabel
- 25
Ristikankare M, Julkunen R, Mattila M. et al .
Conscious sedation and cardiorespiratory safety during colonoscopy.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2000;
52
48-54
MissingFormLabel
- 26
Deloach Walworth D.
Procedural-support music therapy in the healthcare setting: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
J Pediatr Nurs.
2005;
20
276-284
MissingFormLabel
- 27
Stermer E, Levy N, Beny A. et al .
Ambience in the endoscopy room has little effect on patients.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
1998;
26
256-258
MissingFormLabel
- 28
Palakanis K C, DeNobile J W, Sweeney W B. et al .
Effect of music therapy on state anxiety in patients undergoing flexible sigmoidoscopy.
Dis Colon Rectum.
1994;
37
478-481
MissingFormLabel
- 29
Bampton P, Draper B.
Effect of relaxation music on patient tolerance of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
1997;
25
343-345
MissingFormLabel
- 30
Escher J, Hohmann U, Wasem C.
Music therapy and internal medicine [in German, English abstract].
Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax.
1993;
82
957-963
MissingFormLabel
- 31
Kotwal M R, Rinchhen C Z, Ringe V V.
Stress reduction through listening to Indian classical music during gastroscopy.
Diagn Ther Endosc.
1998;
4
191-197
MissingFormLabel
- 32
Binek J, Sagmeister M, Borovicka J. et al .
Perception of gastrointestinal endoscopy by patients and examiners with and without
background music.
Digestion.
2003;
68
5-8
MissingFormLabel
D. Rudin, MD
Department of Medicine
Staten Island University Hospital
475 Seaview Avenue
Staten Island
New York 10305
USA
Fax: +1-718-2266586
Email: drudin@siuh.edu