Untersuchungen neuronaler Sprachnetzwerke mit der Transkraniellen Magnetstimulation (TMS)

Zusammenfassung

Die funktionellen bildgebenden Verfahren wie die funktionelle Kernspintomographie (fMRT) oder die Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) haben in der Vergangenheit zur Lokalisation kortikaler sprachlicher Netzwerke in erheblicher Weise beigetragen. Die funktionelle Relevanz dieser Netzwerke kann durch diese korrelativen Ansätze allerdings nur unzureichend dargestellt werden. Dies kann durch den ergänzenden Einsatz der Interferenzmethode transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS) geprüft werden. Die TMS ist eine nicht-invasive schmerzlose neurophysiologische Technik mittels der die Funktion kortikaler Hirnareale vorübergehend beeinflusst werden kann. TMS kann die Leistung bei sprachlichen Aufgaben sowohl kurzzeitig verschlechtern, als auch verbessern. Seit der Einführung der TMS 1985 konnten zahlreiche TMS-Untersuchungen wichtige Erkenntnisse bei der Erforschung sprachlicher Hirnfunktionen liefern. Trotz einiger Ansätze konnte eine klinische Applikation von TMS bei Patienten mit Sprachstörungen hingegen noch nicht etabliert werden. Wir geben einen kurzen Überblick über verschiedene TMS-Untersuchungen im Zusammenhang mit Sprache, um die Möglichkeiten dieser Technik zu veranschaulichen.

Abstract

The interference approach transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has to be seen as a complimentary tool among the modern non-invasive neuroscience methods. While functional imaging methods like functional magnetic resonance tomography or positron emission tomography reveal correlational information on activated neuronal networks that are not necessarily activated due to the performed task but can also show epiphenominally activated brain areas, TMS has the potential to interfere with brain activity hence revealing information on the causality. Studying language function, TMS has proven to be able to enhance naming as well as to interfere with specific grammatical features. Whether TMS or repetitive TMS could potentially aid linguistic therapy in the rehabilitation phase of aphasic patients should be subject of further investigations.

Schlüsselwörter

Transkranielle Magnetstimulation - TMS - repetitive TMS - Neurophysiologie - Sprache - Hirnforschung

Key words

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - TMS - repetitive TMS - Neurophysiology - language - brain imaging

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