Sprachverstehen im Kontext: Bildgebende Studien zu Kohärenz und Pragmatik

Zusammenfassung

Kommunikation im Alltag erfordert immer Interpretationen, die neben der wörtlichen Bedeutung des gerade Gesagten oder Gehörten das Hintergrundwissen, die Zielsetzung oder die Kontextinformation berücksichtigen. Neben den Aphasien werden auch so genannte nicht-aphasische Kommunikationsstörungen beschrieben, die erst in einer komplexen Kommunikationssituation manifest werden. In der Neurowissenschaft werden pragmatische und kontextuelle Aspekte des Sprachverstehens oft mit rechts-hemisphärischen Funktionen oder mit Exekutivfunktionen in Verbindung gebracht. Bildgebende Studien bestätigen für alle Aspekte der Sprachverarbeitung im Kontext sowohl präfrontale als auch rechtsseitige Beteiligung. Insbesondere der anteriore Temporallappen und der fronto-mediane Kortex spielen eine spezifische Rolle für die inhaltliche Interpretation und Verknüpfung von aufeinanderfolgenden Äußerungen. Die klinische Diagnose der kommunikativen Kompetenz von hirngeschädigten Patienten sollte deshalb zusätzlich zu einer Aphasiediagnositk immer eine Bewertung von Textverständnis und Diskursproduktion beinhalten.

Abstract

Communicative compentence requires the interpretation of utterances in light of background knowledge, comprehension goal and context information. In addition to aphasic language disorders so-called non-aphasic communication deficits have been described. These deficits manifest themselves whenever non-literal meanings are relevant or when the global context or structure needs to be derived. In neuropsychological research the focus has been on the frontal lobes and the right hemisphere. Recent neuroimaging studies have accumulated evidence for both of these brain regions to be involved during most aspects of complex language comprehension. In particular the anterior temporal lobes and the fronto-medial cortex play a specific role for the integration and interpretation of verbal information. Clinical diagnosis of brain damaged patients should therefore include an assessment of contextual language processing in addition to the evaluation of aphasic language deficits.

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