Zusammenfassung
Die kontrollierte Injektion von Botulinumtoxin mittels EMG-Steuerung und EMG-ableitefähigen
Injektionsnadeln wird unterschiedlich bewertet. Beim Blepharospasmus und Spasmus hemifacialis
wird keine EMG-Steuerung verwendet. Bei zervikaler Dystonie wird in der überwiegenden
Zahl der Fälle ohne EMG-Steuerung gearbeitet und über 60 % der zervikaler Dystoniepatienten
halten Botulinumtoxin auch noch nach Jahren für eine lohnenswerte Therapie. Beim Schreibkrampf,
beim Musikerkrampf und beim Golfer-Krampf („Yips”) wird das EMG zur Injektionssteuerung
heranzogen. Bei diesen Indikationen sowie bei weiteren Beschäftigungskrämpfen, der
Kieferöffnungs-Dystonie und Problemsituationen bei der zervikalen Dystonie wie der
Anterocollis sind EMG-gesteuerte Injektionen meist Voraussetzung, um Botulinumtoxin
sinnvoll injizieren zu können. Bei einer unkomplizierten zervikalen Dystonie, dem
rotatorischen Torticollis, und der Spastik ist der Nutzen der EMG-Steuerung, etwa
durch Dosiseinsparung, höhere Effektivität und geringere Nebenwirkungsrate, bisher
unzureichend belegt. Bei diesen häufigen Indikationen werden gute Ergebnisse auch
ohne EMG-Steuerung erreicht.
Summary
Guidelines regarding technique and dosage of botulinum toxin vary considerably. One
issue remains the role of EMG to refine treatment outcome. Basically all studies in
blepharospasm were conducted without EMG. More than 60 % of patients with cervical
dystonia consider Botulinumtoxin even after years of regular injection sessions every
3 to 4 months as a valuable treatment and ask for reinjections. The impact of EMG
guidance has only been rarely assessed. The effectiveness of Botulinumtoxin with EMG
control in writer's cramp and in spasmodic dysphonia has been demonstrated in a number
of studies. Refinement of therapy remains a challenge in writer's cramp and other
occupational dystonias, jaw opening dystonia and anterocollis. EMG guidance may be
helpful, probably even a prerequisite in these indications. The role of EMG guidance
in the major indications such as uncomplicated cervical dystonia and spasticity to
improve outcome, minimize side effects and to save toxin remains unclear.
Key words
botulinum toxin - dystonia - torticollis - blepharospasm - writer's cramp - EMG
Literatur
- 1
Barbano RL.
Needle EMG guidance for injection of botulinum toxin. Needle EMG guidance is useful.
Muscle Nerve.
2001;
24
1567-1568
- 2
Blitzer A, Brin MF, Stewart C, Aviv JE, Fahn S.
Abductor laryngeal dystonia: a series treated with botulinum toxin.
Laryngoscope.
1992;
102
163-167
- 3
Blitzer A, Brin MF.
Laryngeal dystonia: a series with botulinum toxin therapy.
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol.
1991;
100
85-89
- 4
Blitzer A, Lovelace RE, Brin MF, Fahn S, Fink ME.
Electromyographic findings in focal laryngeal dystonia (spastic dysphonia).
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol.
1985;
94
591-594
- 5
Borodic GE, Ferrante R, Pearce LB, Smith K.
Histologic assessment of dose-related diffusion and muscle fiber response after therapeutic
botulinum A toxin injections.
Mov Disord.
1994;
9
31-39
- 6
Brans JW, Aramideh M, Koelman JH, Lindeboom R, Speelman JD, Ongerboer de Visser BW.
Electromyography in cervical dystonia: changes after botulinum and trihexyphenidyl.
Neurology.
1998;
51
815-819
- 7
Brans JW, Lindeboom R, Aramideh M, Speelman JD.
Long-term effect of botulinum toxin on impairment and functional health in cervical
dystonia.
Neurology.
1998;
50
1461-1463
- 8
Brans JW, Lindeboom R, Snoek JW, Zwarts MJ, van Weerden TW, Brunt ER, van Hilten JJ,
van der Kamp W, Prins MH, Speelman JD.
Botulinum toxin versus trihexyphenidyl in cervical dystonia: a prospective, randomized,
double-blind controlled trial.
Neurology.
1996;
46
1066-1072
- 9
Brashear A, Lew MF, Dykstra DD, Comella CL, Factor SA, Rodnitzky RL, Trosch R, Singer C,
Brin MF, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M.
Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-responsive cervical
dystonia.
Neurology.
1999;
53
1439-1446
- 10
Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ,
Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M.
Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical
dystonia.
Neurology.
1999;
53
1431-1438
- 11 Ceballos-Baumann A, Kupsch A, Naumann M, Volkmann J. Dystonie. In: www.dgn.org/leitl.shtml,
editor. Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie 2002
- 12
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Konstanzer A, Dengler R, Conrad B.
Lokale Injektionen von Botulinum-Toxin A bei zervikaler Dystonie: Verlaufsbeobachtungen
an 45 Patienten.
Akt Neurol.
1990;
17
139-145
- 13
Ceballos-Baumann AO, Sheean G, Passingham RE, Marsden CD, Brooks DJ.
Botulinum toxin does not reverse the cortical dysfunction associated with writer's
cramp: a PET study.
Brain.
1997;
120
571-582
- 14
Ceballos-Baumann AO.
Evidence-based medicine in botulinum toxin therapy for cervical dystonia.
J Neurol.
2001;
248
14-20
- 15
Cohen LG, Hallett M, Geller BD, Hochberg F.
Treatment of focal dystonias of the hand with botulinum toxin injections.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
1989;
52
355-363
- 16
Comella CL, Buchman AS, Tanner CM, Brown TN, Goetz CG.
Botulinum toxin injection for spasmodic torticollis: increased magnitude of benefit
with electromyographic assistance.
Neurology.
1992;
42
878-882
- 17
Cordivari C, Misra VP, Catania S, Lees AJ.
Treatment of dystonic clenched fist with botulinum toxin.
Mov Disord.
2001;
16
907-913
- 18 Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A, Ferreira JJ, Coelho M, Moore P, Sampaio C.
Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD 004900
2005
- 19 Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A, Ferreira JJ, Coelho M, Moore P, Sampaio C.
Botulinum toxin type A therapy for hemifacial spasm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD
004899 2005
- 20
Geenen C, Consky E, Ashby P.
Localizing muscles for botulinum toxin treatment of focal hand dystonia.
Can J Neurol Sci.
1996;
23
194-197
- 21
Haeussermann P, Marczoch S, Klingler C, Landgrebe M, Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann A.
Twelve years follow-up of 100 cervical Dystonia patients treated with botulinum toxin
A.
Mov Disord.
2004;
19
303-8
- 22
Jankovic J, Brin MF.
Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin.
N Engl J Med.
1991;
324
1186-1194
- 23
Jankovic J.
Needle EMG guidance for injection of botulinum toxin. Needle EMG guidance is rarely
required.
Muscle Nerve.
2001;
24
1568-1570
- 24
Karp BI, Cole RA, Cohen LG, Grill S, Lou JS, Hallett M.
Long-term botulinum toxin treatment of focal hand dystonia.
Neurology.
1994;
44
70-76
- 25
Lange DJ, Rubin M, Greene PE, Kang UJ, Moskowitz CB, Brin MF, Lovelace RE, Fahn S.
Distant effects of locally injected botulinum toxin: a double-blind study of single
fiber EMG changes.
Muscle Nerve.
1991;
14
672-675
- 26
Lee LH, Chang WN, Chang CS.
The finding and evaluation of EMG-guided Botox® injection in cervical dystonia.
Acta Neurol Taiwan.
2004;
13
71-6
- 27
Mantell AM.
Dilution, storage, and electromyographic guidance in the use of botulinum toxins.
Dermatol Clin.
2004;
22
135-6
- 28
Molloy FM, Shill HA, Kaelin-Lang A, Karp BI.
Accuracy of muscle localization without EMG: implications for treatment of limb dystonia.
Neurology.
2002;
58
805-807
- 29
Olney RK, Aminoff MJ, Gelb DJ, Lowenstein DH.
Neuromuscular effects distant from the site of botulinum neurotoxin injection.
Neurology.
1988;
38
1780-1783
- 30
Ostergaard L, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Werdelin L, Sjo O, Winkel H.
Quantitative EMG in botulinum toxin treatment of cervical dystonia. A double-blind,
placebo-controlled study.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol.
1994;
93
434-439
- 31
Poewe W, Deuschl G, Nebe A, Feifel E, Wissel J, Benecke R, Kessler KR, Ceballos-Baumann AO,
Ohly A, Oertel W, Kunig G.
What is the optimal dose of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of cervical dystonia?
Results of a double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study using Dysport. German
Dystonia Study Group.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
1998;
64
13-17
- 32
Ross MH, Charness ME, Sudarsky L, Logigian EL.
Treatment of occupational cramp with botulinum toxin: diffusion of toxin to adjacent
noninjected muscles.
Muscle Nerve.
1997;
20
593-598
- 33
Sanders DB, Massey EW, Buckley EG.
Botulinum toxin for blepharospasm: single-fiber EMG studies.
Neurology.
1986;
36
545-547
- 34
Schuele S, Jabusch HC, Lederman RJ, Altenmuller E.
Botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of musician's dystonia.
Neurology.
2005;
64
341-3
- 35
Scott AB.
Botulinum toxin injections of eye muscles to correct strabism.
Trans Am Ophtalmol Soc.
1981;
79
734-770
- 36
Tan EK, Jankovic J.
Botulinum toxin A in patients with oromandibular dystonia: long-term follow-up.
Neurology.
1999;
53
2102-2107
- 37
Tsui JK, Bhatt M, Calne S, Calne DB.
Botulinum toxin in the treatment of writer's cramp: a double-blind study.
Neurology.
1993;
43
183-185
- 38
Turjanski N, Pirtosek Z, Quirk J, Anderson TJ, Rivest J, Marsden CD, Lees AJ.
Botulinum toxin in the treatment of writer's cramp.
Clin Neuropharmacol.
1996;
19
314-320
- 39
Wissel J, Kabus C, Wenzel R, Klepsch S, Schwarz U, Nebe A, Schelosky L, Scholz U,
Poewe WRA.
Botulinum toxin in writers cramp: objective response evaluation in 31 patients.
Journal Of Neurology Neurosurgery And Psychiatry.
1996;
61
172-175
Korrespondenzadresse:
Prof. Dr. Andres Ceballos-Baumann
Neurologisches Krankenhaus München
Zentrum für Parkinson und Bewegungsstörungen
Tristanstraße 20
80804 München
eMail: andres.ceballos-baumann@nk-m.de
eMail: a.ceballos@lrz.tum.de