Zusammenfassung
Voraussetzung für eine optimale Versorgung von Hörstörungen sind detaillierte Kenntnisse
über die Anatomie und Physiologie des Ohres und der Hörbahn, aber auch über Veränderungen
der physiologischen Prozesse beim Vorliegen von Hörstörungen unterschiedlicher Genese.
Der vorliegende Artikel versucht einige Aspekte der Physiologie und Pathophysiologie
der Hörwahrnehmung darzustellen. Dabei wird die Lautheitsempfindung aber auch die
Frequenzunterscheidung anhand modellhafter Vorstellungen, sowie anhand einer Auswahl
experimenteller Untersuchungen dargestellt. Einen Schwerpunkt des Artikels stellt
die Schilderung der Physiologie des binauralen Hörens dar, die in den letzten Jahren
im Zusammenhang mit der beidohrigen Versorgung mit apparativen Hörhilfen in den Fokus
des Interesses gelangt ist. Hierbei werden klassische Modelle des binauralen Hörens
wie auch aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse besprochen.
Abstract
Obtaining knowledge on the physiology of hearing is one of the major prerequisites
of the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss. This article gives a review on some
basic principles as well as recent research on the sensation of loudness, frequency
discrimination and the temporal processing of sound. Some principles of auditory processing
within the cochlear and in the central auditory system are shown in normal as well
as listeners with impaired hearing. As there has been increasing interest in binaural
hearing the physiological basis of directional hearing is discussed in more detail.
In particular the Jeffress model of binaural hearing as one of the classical models
of binaural hearing is shown as well as recent research work that emphasizes the role
of inhibitory innervation within the brainstem.
Schlüsselwörter
Lautheitsempfindung - Recruitment - Frequenzdifferenzierung - Richtungsgehör - Jeffress-Modell
Key words
hearing loss - loudness - frequency discrimination - critical bandwidth - binaural
hearing - directional hearing
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Dr. Wolfgang Delb
Universitäts-HNO-Klinik
Kirrbergerstr.
66421 Homburg/Saar
eMail: hnowdel@uniklinik-saarland.de
