Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Stomatal Complex in Pinus canariensis Needles Using Serial Sections

G. Zellnig; J. Peters; M. S. Jiménez; D. Morales; D. Grill; A. Perktold

doi:10.1055/s-2002-20438

Plant Biology, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2002; 4(1): 70-76
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-20438

Original Paper

Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ·New York

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Stomatal Complex in Pinus canariensis Needles Using Serial Sections

G. Zellnig ¹ , J. Peters ² , M. S. Jiménez ² , D. Morales ² , D. Grill ¹ , A. Perktold ¹

¹ Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
² Dpto. Biología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

Abstract

The three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the stomata in leaves of Pinus canariensis is described with respect to the spatial arrangement of guard cells, subsidiary cells, polar and lateral cells. Serial semi-thin sections of the stomatal apparatus were digitally reconstructed and analysed with regard to the position, shape and size of the cell types involved. The stomatal complex consists of 16 cells with uniquely shaped polar and lateral cells. The polar cells form a kind of roof above the epistomatal chamber thereby reducing the surface aperture. The structural features of the stomatal complex differ from other Pinus species and are presumed to be an adaptation to extreme environmental conditions.

Abbreviations

3D: three-dimensional

2D: two-dimensional

Key words

Three-dimensional reconstruction - semi-thin section - stomatal complex - leaves - Pinus canariensis

Volltext

Referenzen

References

01 Altieri, A.,, Del Caldo, L.,, and Manes, F.. (1994); Morphology of epicuticular waxes in Pinus pinea needles in relation to season and pollution-climate. Eur. J. For. Path.. 24 79-91
02 Black, J. T.. (1971); Ultramicrotomy of embedding plastics. Appl. Polymer Symp.. 16 105-125
03 Bozzola, J. J., and Russell, L. D.. (1992) Electron microscopy: principles and techniques for biologists. Boston, London; Jones and Bartlett Publishers
04 Bussotti, F.,, Bottacci, A.,, Grossoni, P.,, Mori, B.,, and Tani, C.. (1997); Cytological and structural changes in Pinus pinea L. needles following the application of an anionic surfactant. Plant, Cell and Environment. 20 513-520
05 Chinga, G.,, Skagen, E. B.,, Kittang, A.-I.,, Beisvaag, T.,, and Iversen, T.-H.. (2000); 3D reconstruction of Arabidopsis thaliana root statocytes exposed to different gravity conditions. Microscopy and Analysis (UK). 64 9-11
06 Donaldson, L. A., and Lausberg, M. J. F.. (1998); Comparison of conventional transmitted light and confocal microscopy for measuring wood cell dimensions by image analysis. IAWA Journal. 19 321-336
07 Esau, K.. (1977) Anatomy of seed plants. New York; Wiley
08 Fahn, A.. (1974) Plant anatomy. Oxford; Pergamon Press
09 Fink, S.. (1992) Histologische und histochemische Untersuchungen zur Nährstoffdynamik in Waldbäumen im Hinblick auf die neuartigen Waldschäden. Karlsruhe; KfK-PEF Bericht 98
10 Franich, R. A.,, Wells, L. G.,, and Barnett, J. R.. (1977); Variation with tree age of needle cuticle topography and stomatal structure in Pinus radiata D. Don. Ann. Bot.. 41 621-626
11 Gray, J. D.,, Kolesik, P.,, Hoj, P. B.,, and Coombe, B. G.. (1999); Confocal measurement of the three-dimensional size and shape of plant parenchyma cells in a developing fruit tissue. The Plant Journal. 19 229-236
12 Grill, D.,, Guttenberger, H.,, Zellnig, G.,, and Bermadinger, E.. (1989); Reactions of plant cells to air pollution. Phyton (Austria). 29 277-290
13 Jimenez, M. S.,, Zellnig, G.,, Stabentheiner, E.,, Peters, J.,, Morales, D.,, and Grill, D.. (2000); Structure and ultrastructure of Pinus canariensis needles. Flora. 195 228-235
14 Johnson, R. W., and Riding, R. T.. (1981); Structure and ontogeny of the stomatal complex in Pinus strobus L. and Pinus banksiana Lamb. Amer. J. Bot.. 68 260-268
15 Kim, K.,, Whang, S. S.,, and Hill, R. S.. (1999); Cuticle micromorphology of leaves of Pinus (Pinaceae) in east and south-east Asia. Botanical J. of the Linnean Society. 129 55-74
16 Kuroiwa, H.,, Ohta, T.,, and Kuroiwa, T.. (1996); Studies on the development and three-dimensional reconstruction of giant mitochondria and their nuclei in egg cells of Pelargonium zonale Ait. Protoplasma. 192 235-244
17 Laakso, K.,, Sullivan, J. H.,, and Huttunen, S.. (2000); The effect of UV-B radiation on epidermal anatomy in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Plant, Cell and Environment. 23 461-472
18 Louguet, P.,, Coudret, A.,, Couot-Gastelier, J.,, and Lasceve, G.. (1990); Structure and ultrastructure of stomata. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen. 186 273-287
19 Maier-Maercker, U.. (1998); Image analysis of the stomatal cell walls of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in pure and ozone-enriched air. Trees. 12 181-185
20 Napp-Zinn, K.. (1966) Anatomie des Blattes. I. Blattanatomie der Gymnospermen. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie VIII, 1. Zimmermann, W., Ozenda, P., and Wulff, H. D., eds. Berlin-Nikolassee; Gebrüder Borntraeger pp. 49-87
21 Perkins, G.,, Renken, C.,, Martone, M. E.,, Young, S. Y.,, Ellisman, M.,, and Frey, T.. (1997); Electron tomography of neuronal mitochondria: three-dimensional structure and organization of cristae and membrane contacts. J. Struct. Biol.. 119 260-272
22 Pöllinger, U.. (1998) Anatomie und Histochemie der Nadel von Pinus canariensis Sweet ex K. Sprengel. University of Graz, Austria; Masters work: Institute of Plant Physiology
23 Pritchard, S. G.,, Mosjidis, C.,, Peterson, C. M.,, Runion, G. B.,, and Rogers, H. H.. (1998); Anatomical and morphological alterations in longleaf pine needles resulting from growth in elevated CO₂: interactions with soil resource availability. Int. J. Plant Sci.. 156 1002-1009
24 Reid, N., and Beesley, J. E.. (1991) Sectioning and cryosectioning for electron microscopy. Practical methods in electron microscopy, Vol. 13. Glauert, A. M., ed. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford; Elsevier pp. 1-14
25 Sauter, J. J., and Pambor, L.. (1989); The dramatic corrosive effect of the road side exposure and of aromatic hydrocarbons on the epistomatal wax crystalloids in spruce and fir and its significance for the “Waldsterben”. Eur. J. For. Path.. 19 370-378
26 Soikkeli, S.. (1980); Ultrastructure of the mesophyll in Scots pine and Norway spruce: seasonal variation and molarity of the fixative buffer. Protoplasma. 103 241-252
27 Turunen, M., and Huttunen, S.. (1990); A review of the response of epicuticular wax of conifer needles to air pollution. J. Environ. Quality. 19 35-45
28 Viskari, E.-L.,, Holopainen, T.,, and Kärenlampi, L.. (2000); Responses of spruce seedlings (Picea abies) to exhaust gas under laboratory conditions - II ultrastructural changes and stomatal behaviour. Environ. Poll.. 107 99-107
29 Walter, H., and Breckle, S. W.. (1999) Vegetation und Klimazonen. UTB 14. Stuttgart; Ulmer
30 White, N. S.,, Errington, J.,, Fricker, M. D.,, and Wood, J. L.. (1996); Aberration control in quantitative imaging of botanical specimens by multidimensional fluorescence microscopy. J. Microsc.. 181 99-116
31 Zellnig, G., and Perktold, A.. (1999); Plant organelles analyzed by ultrathin serial-sections. Phyton (Austria). 39 65-68

G. Zellnig

Institute of Plant Physiology

Schubertstr. 51
8010 Graz
Austria

eMail: guenther.zellnig@uni-graz.at

Section Editor: H. Rennenberg