Zusammenfassung.
Es besteht zweifelsohne ein großer Bedarf von Seiten der Anästhesisten und auch der
Patienten, die Narkosetiefe sicher messen zu können. Der ideale Monitor der Narkosetiefe
müsste folgende Anforderungen erfüllen: Das Überwachungsverfahren sollte für alle
Arten der Narkoseführung (intravenöse oder inhalative Anästhesie) im gleichen Maße
anwendbar sein. Die Bestimmung der Narkosetiefe sollte einfach, zuverlässig und ohne
große Fehlerquellen verfügbar sein. Die Narkosetiefe sollte mit extrem hoher Sensitivität
überwachbar sein, d. h. jede intraoperative Wachheit müsste von dem Monitoringverfahren
auch erkannt werden. Bei mangelhafter Sensitivität könnte eine Überwachung der Narkosetiefe,
die wache Patienten nicht sicher erkennt, zu einem vermehrten Auftreten von intraoperativer
Wachheit führen [80]: Der Anästhesist wiegt sich in falscher Sicherheit und vertieft nicht die Narkose,
obwohl der Patient wach ist. An die Spezifität sind diese hohen Anforderungen nicht
zu stellen. Bei der geringen Inzidenz von intraoperativer Wachheit [4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[9]
[10]
[11] müssen über 750 Patienten überwacht werden, um nur einen Patienten, der intraoperativ
wach ist, zu erkennen. Durch die Vielzahl der zu überwachenden Patienten muss ein
entsprechendes Verfahren kostengünstig sein, da die Überwachung der Narkosetiefe aufgrund
der derzeitigen finanziellen Lage des Gesundheitssytems sonst nur für bestimmte Risikogruppen
infrage käme. Sollte die Narkosetiefe einfach, sicher und kostengünstig überwachbar
sein, so wäre ein entsprechender Monitor für jeden Anästhesiearbeitsplatz zu fordern
- ähnlich wie die Pulsoxymetrie. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht eine Orientierung
über die derzeit angebotenen Geräte zur Narkosetiefenmessung zu geben. Seit der Einführung
des BIS hat das Interesse an der Bestimmung der Narkosetiefe erheblich zugenommen.
Der Markt für die industriell angebotenen Produkte befindet sich derzeit in einer
sehr dynamischen Wachstumsphase, so dass es sehr schwierig ist, eine absolut vollständige
Übersicht über alle Geräte zur Narkosetiefenmesung darzustellen. Bislang kann noch
keines der dargestellten Verfahren diese hohen Anforderungen erfüllen. Mit Sicherheit
werden alle Versuche die Narkosetiefe zu bestimmen, auf eine mathematische Verarbeitung
des spontanen EEGs oder seiner evozierten Potentiale hinauslaufen. Welches Verfahren,
Entropie, BIS, PSI oder MLAEP sich in der Routine am Markt behauptet, wird die Zukunft
zeigen. Alle derzeitig verfügbaren Monitore sind nicht in der Lage vorherzusagen,
ob die derzeitige Narkosetiefe für den nächsten schmerzhaften Stimulus ausreicht.
Sie können allenfalls die Narkosetiefe zum Messzeitpunkt bestimmen [19]. Eine „goldene Zahl”, die mit absoluter Sicherheit eine adäquate Narkosetiefe anzeigt,
wird es in absehbarer Zeit nicht geben. Der klinische Zustand des Patienten muss weiterhin
im Gesamtzusammenhang betrachtet werden. Die Messung der Narkosetiefe sollte von den
Anästhesisten als weitere sinnvolle Hilfe zur Verbesserung der Beurteilung ihrer Patienten
verstanden werden.
Is Measuring the Depth of Anesthesia Sensible? An Overview on the Currently Available
Monitoring Systems.
Without any doubt there is an increasing need for accurately measuring depth of anesthesia
- from the viewpoint of the anesthesiologist and also of the patient. The ideal monitoring
should fulfill the following criteria: It should be applicable for any type of anesthesia
(intravenous as well as inhalative anesthesia); the monitor must have an extremely
high sensitivity (each patient being awake must be recognized by the device). If the
monitor does not have a high sensitivity, the monitor itself might lead to an increasing
number of patients being awake during anesthesia [80], because the anesthesiologist might rely to the monitor and does not deepen anesthesia
while the patient is awake. Specificity is not as important as sensitivity. As incidence
of intraoperative awareness is low [4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[9]
[10]
[11], one must monitor more than 750 patients to recognize only one patient who is awake.
Finally, the monitoring device must be economic. If costs are considerably increased
by measuring depth of anesthesia in today's climate of cost consciousness, the monitoring
has to be restricted to special high risk groups of patients. If monitoring depth
of anesthesia will become simple, safe, and economic, each anesthesia should be monitored
for its depth, as today each patient needs pulseoxymetry. We try to give an orientation
about the available devices for monitoring depth of anesthesia. Since the introduction
of BIS interest in measuring depth of anesthesia increased markedly. The market for
commercially available monitors for depth of anesthesia is growing very dynamically.
Due to this dynamic growth we hope that we were able to present an actual and complete
overview about the monitoring systems for measuring depth of anesthesia. Until today
no monitoring system has proven to fulfill the mentioned criteria. Monitoring of the
depth of anesthesia will be based on any processing of the spontaneous EEG or its
evoked potentials. Which type of monitoring, entropy, BIS, PSI, or MLAEP will be used
in clinical routine will be shown in the future. All available monitors are no predictors,
whether depth of anesthesia is sufficient for the next painful surgical stimulus.
They can only monitor the anesthetic state at the time of measurement [19]. There is no “golden number” predicting absolutely safely that the patient is in
adequate anesthesia. The anesthetist must consider any technique for monitoring of
the depth of anesthesia as an additional help in improving care for his patient.
Schlüsselwörter:
Narkosetiefe - EEG-Verarbeitung - verfügbare Monitore
Key words:
Depth of anaesthesia - Processed EEG - Available monitors
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Firmeninformation. A-line AEP monitor key facts. Alaris Medical Systems, San Diego, CA, USA: www.alarismed.com/intproducts/aepfeat.htm
2001
Dr. Andreas Lehmann
Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin
Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen
Postfach 21 73 52
67073 Ludwigshafen