Zusammenfassung.
Tachyphylaxie von Lokalanästhetika wird klinisch definiert als abnehmende Intensität,
abnehmende Wirkdauer und abnehmende segmentale Ausdehnung einer Nervenblockade nach
wiederholten, gleichgroßen Dosen eines Lokalanästhetikums. Die Häufigkeit des Auftretens
von Tachyphylaxie wird kontrovers beurteilt. Da allerdings kaum anzunehmen ist, daß
eine Tachyphylaxie tatsächlich mit wechselnder Häufigkeit auftritt, scheint am ehesten
die Interpretation von Tachyphylaxie durch den Untersucher unterschiedlich zu sein.
Abzugrenzen ist die „Pseudotachyphylaxie”, nämlich zeitliche Änderungen der Schmerzintensität
sowie zirkadiane Schwankungen der Wirkdauer von Lokalanästhetika, die eine Tachyphylaxie
vortäuschen. Das Auftreten von Tachyphylaxie hängt weder von der chemischen Struktur
oder dem pharmakologischen Wirkprofil des injizierten Lokalanästhetikums noch von
der Technik oder der Art der Applikation ab. Als mögliche Mechanismen der Tachyphylaxie
werden pharmakokinetische und pharmakodynamische Aspekte diskutiert. Unter pharmakokinetischem
Blickwinkel können perineurale Ödembildung, Anstieg der Proteinkonzentration im Periduralraum,
veränderte Verteilung des Lokalanästhetikums im Periduralraum oder Abfall des perineuralen
pH-Wertes Ursachen für eine verringerte Diffusion des Lokalanästhetikums zum Natriumkanalrezeptor
sein. Ursachen einer erhöhten Clearance des Lokalanästhetikums können sowohl zunehmende
peridurale Perfusion als auch ein lokal gesteigerter Metabolismus im Periduralraum
sein. Unter pharmakodynamischen Aspekten müssen ein funktioneller Antagonismus der
Lokalanästhetika durch Nukleotide, ein Antagonismus durch einen vergrößerten Natriumgradienten,
eine Steigerung der zentralen Erregbarkeit sowie eine Rezeptor-Down-Regulation der
Natriumkanäle diskutiert werden. Keiner der aufgeführten Mechanismen kann jedoch zur
Zeit das Phänomen der Tachyphylaxie allein hinreichend erklären. Als neue Möglichkeit,
eine reversible Nervenblockade länger aufrechtzuerhalten, werden neue, ultralangwirksame
Lokalanästhetika getestet. Denkbar ist eine Weiterentwicklung der hochselektiven Natriumkanalblockade
durch Analoga des Kugelfischgiftes Tetrodotoxins sowie der Einsatz Lokalanästhetikahaltiger
Liposomen. Ein neuer erfolgversprechender Ansatz liegt in dem Befund, daß sowohl NMDA-Antagonisten
als auch NO-Synthase-Inhibitoren die Entwicklung von Tachyphylaxie verhindern. Wäre
NO tatsächlich für die Tachyphylaxie verantwortlich, so hätte man damit mögliche Substanzen
gefunden, mit denen eine Tachyphylaxie verhindert werden könnte.
Tachyphylaxis to local anesthetics is defined as a decrease in duration, segmental
spread or intensity of a regional block despite repeated constant dosages. However,
there is disagreement about the incidence of tachyphylaxis. In contrast to tachyphylaxis,
pseudotachyphylaxis denotes time dependent variations in pain or circadian changes
in the duration of local anesthetic action. Tachyphylaxis appears neither to be linked
to structural or pharmacological properties of the local anesthetics nor to the technique
or mode of their administration. The mechanisms underlying tachyphylaxis are open
to debate and include changes in pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Considering
pharmacokinetics, local edema, an increased epidural protein concentration, changes
in local anesthetic distribution in the epidural space or a decrease of perineural
pH could result in decreased diffusion of the local anesthetics from the epidural
space to their binding sites at the sodium channel. Increased clearance of local anesthetics
from the epidural space may be caused both by increased epidural blood flow or increased
local metabolism. Considering pharmacodynamics, antagonistic effects of nucleotides
or increased sodium concentration, increased afferent input from nociceptors or receptor
down regulation of the sodium channels have been implicated. However, none of these
theoretical considerations is supported strongly enough by data to explain tachyphylaxis.
A new possibility to maintain for a longer time neural blockade is the design of new
ultralong-acting local anesthetics. Liposomal formulations of local anesthetics also
appear suitable to provide longer lasting regional anesthesia. The recent observation
that NMDA-antagonists as well as NO-synthase-inhibitors prevent the development of
tachyphylaxis suggests involvement of the nitric oxide pathway in the development
of tachyphylaxis. Accordingly, NMDA-antagonists or NO-synthase-inhibitors may prevent
tachyphylaxis.
Schlüsselwörter:
Tachyphylaxie - Lokalanästhetika - NO
Key words:
tachyphylaxis - local anaesthetics - nitric oxide
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Dr. med. Eva Kottenberg-Assenmacher
Abteilung für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin Universitätsklinikum Essen
Hufelandstr. 55
D-45122 Essen