Download PDF
Homeopathy 2023; 112(03): 144-151
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755335
Original Research Article

Nanomaterial Characterisation of Diluted Platina and Alcohol Control Samples

E.S. Rajendran 
1   Department of Homeopathy, Mar Sleeva Medicity Palai, Kerala, India
› Author Affiliations Funding This study was funded by the researcher unaided.
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Background The healing effects of homeopathic ultra-high potencies (UHPs) have always been a puzzle for material science, though recent research papers have now characterised the nanomaterial nature of several such UHPs. This study aimed to analyse the material content of clinically used potencies of the homeopathic medicine Platina (platinum) compared with alcohol control samples.

Methods Potencies of Platina were analysed under dynamic light scattering (DLS), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) to identify the nanomaterial content. As control samples, both unsuccussed and potencies of alcohol were analysed by using DLS and HRTEM.

Results Platina 30c to CM: Nanoparticles were identified under DLS (mean particle size varying from 1.3 nm in 30c to 6.5 nm in CM) and HRTEM (particle size varying from 3.31 to 12.7 nm in 30c to 1.94 to 8.54 nm in CM). EDS confirmed the presence of platinum in all the samples of Platina. SAED analysis of Platina 30c, 200c, 1M and 10M confirmed also the presence of platinum dioxide (PtO2). For control samples, DLS and the HRTEM analyses of pharmaceutical grade unsuccussed alcohol and potentized Alcohol (6c, 12c and 30c) did not show any particles.

Conclusion Homeopathic potentization generated NPs of platinum in ultra-dilutions. NPs in potencies of Platina showed platinum in EDS and PtO2 in SAED. Importantly, control samples of alcohol did not show the presence of particles under DLS or HRTEM.

Keywords

nanoparticles - nanopharmacology - ultra-high potencies - Platina

Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 07 February 2022

Accepted: 04 June 2022

Article published online:
09 January 2023

© 2023. Faculty of Homeopathy. This article is published by Thieme.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Bellare JR, Kane SG. Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: a nanoparticulate perspective. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 231-242
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Rajendran ES. Nanoparticle characterization of Homeo Agrocare (agro homeopathic drug) by HRTEM and EDS. Int J High Dilution Res 2020; 19: 10-22
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Bell IR, Muralidharan S, Schwartz GE. Nanoparticle characterization of traditional homeopathically-manufactured silver (Argentum metallicum) medicines and placebo controls. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 2015; 6: 4
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Konovalov AI, Ryzhkina IS. Highly diluted aqueous solutions: formation of nano-sized molecular assemblies (nanoassociates). Geochem Int 2014; 52: 1207-1226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Kar S, Bandopadhyay P, Chakraborty S. et al. Derivation of an empirical relation between the size of the nanoparticle and the potency of homeopathic medicines. Int J High Dilution Res 2015; 14: 2-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Demangeat JL. Gas nanobubbles and aqueous nanostructures: the crucial role of dynamization. Homeopathy 2015; 104: 101-115
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Rajendran ES. An evaluation of Avogadro's number in the light of HRTEM and EDS studies of high dilutions of Ferrum metallicum 6, 30, 200, 1M, 10M and 50Mc. Int J High Dilution Res 2015; 14: 3-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Rajendran ES. Nano pharmacological aspect of homeopathic drugs – A comparative study of different scales of ultra-high dilutions based on HRTEM analysis and NP characterization of homeopathic drug Natrum muriaticum 6C–CM and LM1–LM30. Med Pharm Sci 2017; 3: 89-106
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Rajendran ES. Homeopathy a material science! Nanoparticle characterization of Aurum metallicum 6c, 30c, 200c, 1000c, 10000c, 50000c and 100000c. Int J Curr Res 2017; 9: 48923-48927
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Rajendran ES. Homeopathy seen as personalised nanomedicine. Homeopathy 2019; 108: 66-70
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Rutten L, Mathie RT, Fisher P, Goossens M, van Wassenhoven M. Plausibility and evidence: the case of homeopathy. Med Health Care Philos 2013; 16: 525-532
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Dei A. Experimental evidence supports new perspectives in homeopathy. Homeopathy 2020; 109: 256-260
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India Vol II. , 2nd ed. Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 1984: 10-11
  • 14 Bell IR, Schwartz GE. Adaptive network nanomedicine: an integrated model for homeopathic medicine. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2013; 5: 685-708
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Hahnemann S. The Chronic Diseases, their Peculiar Nature and their Homeopathic Cure. Reprint Edition. New Delhi: B Jain Publishers Pvt Ltd; 1986: 1301-1322
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Clark JH. A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica. Reprint Edition. New Delhi: B Jain Publishers Pvt Ltd; 1995: 842-849
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Van Wassenhoven M, Goyens M, Capieaux E, Devos P, Dorfman P. Nanoparticle characterisation of traditional homeopathically manufactured Cuprum metallicum and Gelsemium sempervirens medicines and controls. Homeopathy 2018; 107: 244-263
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Labrador-Rached CJ, Browning RT, Braydich-Stolle LK, Comfort KK. Toxicological implications of Platinum nanoparticle exposure: Stimulation of intra cellular stress, inflammatory response, and Akt signaling in vitro. J Toxicol 2018; 1367801
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Zhang Y, Zheng J, Jiang Y, Huang X, Fang L. Neglected, drug-induced platinum accumulation causes immune toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11: 1166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Davenas E, Beauvais F, Amara J. et al. Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE. Nature 1988; 333: 816-818
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Belon P, Cumps J, Ennis M. et al. Inhibition of human basophil degranulation by successive histamine dilutions: results of a European multi-centre trial. Inflamm Res 1999; 48: S17-S18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Belon P, Cumps J, Ennis M. et al. Histamine dilutions modulate basophil activation. Inflamm Res 2004; 53: 181-188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Sainte-Laudy J, Belon P. Inhibition of basophil activation by histamine: a sensitive and reproducible model for the study of the biological activity of high dilutions. Homeopathy 2009; 98: 186-197
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Montagnier L, Aïssa J, Ferris S, Montagnier JL, Lavallée C. Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences. Interdiscip Sci 2009; 1: 81-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Samadder A, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Nanotechnological approaches in diabetes treatment: a new horizon. World J Transl Med 2014; 3: 84-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Samadder A, Das S, Das J, Paul A, Boujedaini N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. The potentized homeopathic drug, Lycopodium clavatum (5C and 15C) has anti-cancer effect on HeLa cells in vitro. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2013; 6: 180-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Potentized homeopathic drugs act through regulation of gene expression: a hypothesis to explain their mechanism and pathways of action in vitro. Complement Ther Med 1997; 5: 43-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Towards understanding molecular mechanisms of action of homeopathic drugs: an overview. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 253: 339-345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Karmakar SR, Banerjee A. et al. A follow-up study on the efficacy of the homeopathic remedy Arsenicum album in volunteers living in high risk arsenic contaminated areas. Indian J Res Homeopathy 2011; 2011: 129214
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Bhattacharyya SS, Paul S, Dutta S, Boujedaini N, Belon P. Modulation of signal proteins: a plausible mechanism to explain how a potentized drug Secale cor 30C diluted beyond Avogadro's limit combats skin papilloma in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011: 286320
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Chakrabarti J. Effects of sonication on chromosomes of mice, Mus musculus, and modifying effects of a homeopathic drug, Arnica montana on them. Tsitol Genet 1998; 9: 333-340
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Khuda-Bukhsh AR. An evidence-based evaluation of efficacy of homeopathic drugs in mice during induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Tsitol Genet 2007; 13: 177-185
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Khuda-Bukhsh AR, De A, Das D, Dutta S, Boujedaini N. Analysis of the capability of ultra-highly diluted glucose to increase glucose uptake in arsenite-stressed bacteria Escherichia coli . J Chin Integr Med 2011; 9: 901-912
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Verma A, Stellacci F. Effect of surface properties on nanoparticle-cell interactions. Small 2010; 6: 12-21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Huo S, Jin S, Ma X. et al. Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles as carriers for nucleus-based gene therapy due to size-dependent nuclear entry. ACS Nano 2014; 8: 5852-5862
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar