Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00035037.xml
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Methods Inf Med 2021; 60(S 01): e20-e31
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728676
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728676
Original Article
Proposing an International Standard Accident Number for Interconnecting Information and Communication Technology Systems of the Rescue Chain
Funding This work was supported by the Lower Saxony “Vorab” of the Volkswagen Foundation and the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony (grant no. ZN3424). It is further integrated into the Center for Digital Innovations (grant no. ZN3491).
Abstract
Background The rapid dissemination of smart devices within the internet of things (IoT) is developing toward automatic emergency alerts which are transmitted from machine to machine without human interaction. However, apart from individual projects concentrating on single types of accidents, there is no general methodology of connecting the standalone information and communication technology (ICT) systems involved in an accident: systems for alerting (e.g., smart home/car/wearable), systems in the responding stage (e.g., ambulance), and in the curing stage (e.g., hospital).
Objectives We define the International Standard Accident Number (ISAN) as a unique token for interconnecting these ICT systems and to provide embedded data describing the circumstances of an accident (time, position, and identifier of the alerting system).
Materials and Methods Based on the characteristics of processes and ICT systems in emergency care, we derive technological, syntactic, and semantic requirements for the ISAN, and we analyze existing standards to be incorporated in the ISAN specification.
Results We choose a set of formats for describing the embedded data and give rules for their combination to generate an ISAN. It is a compact alphanumeric representation that is generated easily by the alerting system. We demonstrate generation, conversion, analysis, and visualization via representational state transfer (REST) services. Although ISAN targets machine-to-machine communication, we give examples of graphical user interfaces.
Conclusion Created either locally by the alerting IoT system or remotely using our RESTful service, the ISAN is a simple and flexible token that enables technological, syntactic, and semantic interoperability between all ICT systems in emergency care.
Keywords
accidents (D000059) - emergency medical services (D004632) - emergency medical service communication systems (D004631) - health information interoperability (D000073892) - internet of things (D00008s0487)Publication History
Received: 16 October 2020
Accepted: 27 January 2021
Article published online:
12 May 2021
© 2021. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2018. Accessed June 30, 2020 at: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018
- 2 World Health Organization. Fact Sheet: Falls. Published January 16, 2018. Accessed July 1, 2020 at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls
- 3 Takei Y, Inaba H, Yachida T, Enami M, Goto Y, Ohta K. Analysis of reasons for emergency call delays in Japan in relation to location: high incidence of correctable causes and the impact of delays on patient outcomes. Resuscitation 2010; 81 (11) 1492-1498
- 4 Swor RA, Compton S, Domeier R, Harmon N, Chu K. Delay prior to calling 9-1-1 is associated with increased mortality after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2008; 12 (03) 333-338
- 5 Nehme Z, Andrew E, Cameron P. et al. Direction of first bystander call for help is associated with outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2014; 85 (01) 42-48
- 6 World Health Organization. Emergency Care System Framework Infographic. Published May 2, 2018. Accessed July 1, 2020 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-emergency-care-system-framework
- 7 European Commission. The interoperable EU-wide eCall. Published June 30, 2020. Accessed June 30, 2020 at: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/its/road/action_plan/ecall_en
- 8 Weinlich M, Kurz P, Blau MB, Walcher F, Piatek S. Significant acceleration of emergency response using smartphone geolocation data and a worldwide emergency call support system. Kou YR, ed. PLOS ONE 2018; 13 (05) e0196336
- 9 Bhatti F, Shah MA, Maple C, Islam SU. A novel internet of things-enabled accident detection and reporting system for smart city environments. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19 (09) 2071
- 10 Dar BK, Shah MA, Islam SU, Maple C, Mussadiq S, Khan S. Delay-aware accident detection and response system using fog computing. IEEE Access 2019; 7: 70975-70985
- 11 Fogue M, Garrido P, Martinez FJ, Cano J-C, Calafate CT, Manzoni P. A system for automatic notification and severity estimation of automotive accidents. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput 2014; 13 (05) 948-963
- 12 Apple Inc. Use fall detection with apple watch. Use fall detection with Apple Watch. Published 2020. Accessed July 2, 2020 at: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208944
- 13 Sadoughi F, Behmanesh A, Sayfouri N. Internet of things in medicine: a systematic mapping study. J Biomed Inform 2020; 103: 103383
- 14 Majumder S, Aghayi E, Noferesti M. et al. Smart homes for elderly healthcare—recent advances and research challenges. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17 (11) 2496
- 15 Daher M, Diab A, El Badaoui El Najjar M, Ali Khalil M, Charpillet F. Elder tracking and fall detection system using smart tiles. IEEE Sens J 2017; 17 (02) 469-479
- 16 Miotto R, Danieletto M, Scelza JR, Kidd BA, Dudley JT. Reflecting health: smart mirrors for personalized medicine. NPJ Digit Med 2018; 1 (01) 62
- 17 Bruser C, Antink CH, Wartzek T, Walter M, Leonhardt S. Ambient and unobtrusive cardiorespiratory monitoring techniques. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 8: 30-43
- 18 Deserno TM. Transforming smart vehicles and smart homes into private diagnostic spaces. In: Proceedings of the 2020 2nd Asia Pacific Information Technology Conference. ACM; 2020:165–171. Accessed January 2020 at: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3379310.3379325
- 19 Robert Bosch GmbH. Bosch Automotive Electrics and Automotive Electronics: Systems and Components, Networking and Hybrid Drive. 5th ed.. Springer Vieweg; 2014
- 20 Shirur N, Birker C, Henze R, Deserno TM, Dudhat D. Effect of airbag deployment phases on tactile occupant detection sensor. In: Proc. Automotive Safety. Accessed 2020 at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324310143_Design_and_Occupant-Protection_Performance_Analysis_of_a_New_Tubular_Driver_Airbag
- 21 Wang J, Warnecke JM, Haghi M, Deserno TM. Unobtrusive health monitoring in private spaces: the smart vehicle. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20 (09) 2442
- 22 Haghi M, Thurow K, Stoll R. Wearable devices in medical internet of things: scientific research and commercially available devices. Healthc Inform Res 2017; 23 (01) 4-15
- 23 Haghi M, Stoll R, Thurow K. Pervasive and personalized ambient parameters monitoring: a wearable, modular, and configurable watch. IEEE Access 2019; 7: 20126-20143
- 24 Ebben RH, Vloet LC, Verhofstad MH, Meijer S, Mintjes-de Groot JA, van Achterberg T. Adherence to guidelines and protocols in the prehospital and emergency care setting: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2013; 21 (01) 9
- 25 Porter A, Badshah A, Black S. et al. Electronic health records in ambulances: the ERA multiple-methods study. Health Serv Deliv Res 2020; 8 (10) 1-140
- 26 Roberts K, Allison KP, Porter KM. A review of emergency equipment carried and procedures performed by UK front line paramedics. Resuscitation 2003; 58 (02) 153-158
- 27 Christ M, Grossmann F, Winter D, Bingisser R, Platz E. Modern triage in the emergency department. Dtsch Aerztebl Int Published online December 17, 2010 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2010.0892.
- 28 Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. HIMSS Dictionary of Health Information Technology Terms, Acronyms, and Organizations. 4th ed;. 2017
- 29 Knuth DE, Morris Jr JH, Pratt VR. Fast pattern matching in strings. SIAM J Comput 1977; 6 (02) 323-350
- 30 Health Level 7. FHIR Specification v.4.0.1. Published October 31, 2019. Accessed June 24, 2020 at: http://hl7.org/fhir/
- 31 Mildenberger P, Eichelberg M, Martin E. Introduction to the DICOM standard. Eur Radiol 2002; 12 (04) 920-927
- 32 Health Level 7. Messaging Standard Version 2.8.2. Published September 4, 2015. Accessed June 23, 2020 at: https://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=403
- 33 Benson T, Grieve G. Principles of Health Interoperability: SNOMED CT, HL7 and FHIR. 3rd ed.. Springer; 2016
- 34 DICOM Standards Committee. DICOM PS3.1 2020b - Introduction and Overview. Published 2020. Accessed June 23, 2020 https://www.dicomstandard.org/
- 35 Thompson K, Ritchie DM. Unix Programmer's Manual. Published November 3, 1971. Accessed June 19, 2020 at: https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/1stEdman.html
- 36 RFC 822: Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages. Published August 1982. Accessed 2020 at: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822
- 37 ISO/TC 154. ISO 8601–1:2019 Date and time — Representations for information interchange — Part 1: basic rules. Accessed February 2019 at: https://www.iso.org/standard/70907.html
- 38 Resnick P. RFC 2822: internet message format. Published April 2001. Accessed June 19, 2020 at: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822
- 39 Klyne G, Newman C. RFC 3339: date and time on the internet: timestamps. Published July 2002. Accessed June 19, 2020 at: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339
- 40 Resnick P. RFC 5322: Internet Message Format. Published October 2008. Accessed June 19, 2020 at: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322
- 41 Open Location Code. An open source standard for addresses, independent of building numbers and street names. Published April 21, 2019. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://github.com/google/open-location-code/blob/master/docs/olc_definition.adoc
- 42 John P. Snyder. Map projections: a working manual. 1987 . Accessed 2020 at: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395
- 43 ISO/TC 211. ISO 19160–4:2017: Addressing –Part 4: International postal address components and template language. Published November 2017. Accessed July 30, 2020 at: https://www.iso.org/standard/64242.html
- 44 Office of Geomatics. Website. Published June 22, 2020. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/coordsys/grids/utm.html
- 45 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 6. ISO 6709:2008: Standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates. Published July 2008. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://www.iso.org/standard/39242.html
- 46 Defense Mapping Agency. Technical Manual 8358.1. Published September 1990. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tm8358.1/tr83581a.html
- 47 Greelen P. Mapcode: A Public Location Reference Standard. Published 2015. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://www.mapcode.com/documentation
- 48 Veness C. Geohash Website. Published June 22, 2020. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/geohash.html
- 49 Mayrhofer A, Spanring C. RFC 5870: A Uniform Resource Identifier for Geographic Locations (“geo” URI). Published June 2010. Accessed July 25, 2020 at: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5870
- 50 ISO/TC 10/SC 8. ISO 4157–1:1998: Construction drawings — Designation systems — Part 1: Buildings and parts of buildings. Published December 1998. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://www.iso.org/standard/26189.html
- 51 ISO/TC 22. ISO 3779:2009: Road vehicles — Vehicle identification number (VIN) — Content and structure. Published October 2009. Accessed June 20, 2020 at: https://www.iso.org/standard/70907.html
- 52 Postel J. RFC 791: DARPA internet program protocol specification. Published October 1981. Accessed June 20, 2020 at: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc791
- 53 International Telecomunication Union. E.212: The international identification plan for public networks and subscriptions. Published September 2016. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.212
- 54 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 6. ISO/IEC 10039:1991: Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Local area networks — Medium Access Control (MAC) service definition. Published May 1991. Accessed June 19, 2020 at: https://www.iso.org/standard/18004.html
- 55 Hinden R, Deering S. RFC 4291: Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification. Published February 2006. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4291
- 56 3rd Generation Partnership Project. Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals; Numbering, addressing and identification; (Release 16). Published March 2020. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/23_series/23.003/
- 57 Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Bluetooth Core Specification v.5.2. Published December 31, 2019. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/bluetooth-core-specification/
- 58 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 6. ISO/IEC 9834–8:2014: Information technology — Procedures for the operation of object identifier registration authorities — Part 8: Generation of universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and their use in object identifiers. Published August 2014. Accessed June 22, 2020 at: https://www.iso.org/standard/62795.html
- 59 Matsumoto M, Nishimura T. Mersenne twister: a 623-dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudo-random number generator. ACM Trans Model Comput Simul 1998; 8 (01) 3-30 DOI: 10.1145/272991.272995.
- 60 World Health Organization. Classifications ICD-11. Accessed 2020 at: https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/
- 61 Andersen B, Kasparick M, Ulrich H. et al. Connecting the clinical IT infrastructure to a service-oriented architecture of medical devices. Biomed Tech (Berl) 2018; 63 (01) 57-68
- 62 Saripalle R, Runyan C, Russell M. Using HL7 FHIR to achieve interoperability in patient health record. J Biomed Inform 2019; 94: 103188
- 63 Le HP, Hackel S, Guenther A, Goldschmidt R, Daoud M, Deserno TM. International Standard Accident Number: a master case index linking accident & emergency with medical data. Stud Health Technol Inform 2019; 258: 120-124
- 64 Bélanger P. Underground landscape: The urbanism and infrastructure of Toronto's downtown pedestrian network. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 2007; 22 (03) 272-292
- 65 Deserno TM, Jakob R. Accident & emergency informatics: terminologies and standards are needed for digital health in the early rescue chain. In: Proceedings of the 14 th IEEE International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies. 2020; Accessed 2020 at: http://www.aict.info/2020/info/AICT2020-Conference-Program.pdf