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J Reconstr Microsurg 2021; 37(05): 413-420
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718547
Original Article

Risk Factors for Neuropathic Pain Following Major Upper Extremity Amputation

Jonathan Lans
1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Yannick Hoftiezer
1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Santiago A. Lozano-Calderón
2   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Oncology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Marilyn Heng
3   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School Orthopedic Trauma Initiative, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Ian L. Valerio
4   Division of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Kyle R. Eberlin
4   Division of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract

Background Active treatment (targeted muscle reinnervation [TMR] or regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces [RPNIs]) of the amputated nerve ends has gained momentum to mitigate neuropathic pain following amputation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the predictors for the development of neuropathic pain after major upper extremity amputation.

Methods Retrospectively, 142 adult patients who underwent 148 amputations of the upper extremity between 2000 and 2019 were identified through medical chart review. All upper extremity amputations proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints were included. Patients with a follow-up of less than 6 months and those who underwent TMR or RPNI at the time of amputation were excluded. Neuropathic pain was defined as phantom limb pain or a symptomatic neuroma reported in the medical charts at 6 months postoperatively. Most common indications for amputation were oncology (n = 53, 37%) and trauma (n = 45, 32%), with transhumeral amputations (n = 44, 30%) and shoulder amputations (n = 37, 25%) being the most prevalent.

Results Neuropathic pain occurred in 42% of patients, of which 48 (32%) had phantom limb pain, 8 (5.4%) had a symptomatic neuroma, and 6 (4.1%) had a combination of both. In multivariable analysis, traumatic amputations (odds ratio [OR]: 4.1, p = 0.015), transhumeral amputations (OR: 3.9, p = 0.024), and forequarter amputations (OR: 8.4, p = 0.003) were independently associated with the development of neuropathic pain.

Conclusion In patients with an upper extremity amputation proximal to the elbow or for trauma, there is an increased risk of developing neuropathic pain. In these patients, primary TMR/RPNI should be considered and this warrants a multidisciplinary approach involving general trauma surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, plastic surgeons, and vascular surgeons.

Keywords

amputation - targeted muscle reinnervation - regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces - phantom limb pain - neuroma - neuropathic pain

Authors' Contribution

Study design: J.L., S.A.L.C., M.H., I.L.V., and K.R.E; data assembly: J.L. and Y.H.; data analysis: J.L. and Y.H.; initial draft: J.L., Y.H., S.A.L.C., M.H., I.L.V., and K.R.E; final approval of manuscript: J.L., Y.H., S.L.C., M.H., I.L.V., and K.R.E.


Supplementary Material



Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 17. Mai 2020

Angenommen: 02. September 2020

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
14. Oktober 2020

© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

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