CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2019; 13(03): 361-369
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700192
Original Article
Dental Investigation Society

Histomorphometric and Histopathologic Evaluation of the Effects of Systemic Fluoride Intake on Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Fatma Yalcin Zorlu
1   Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Suleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey
,
2   Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Suleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey
,
1   Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Suleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey
3   Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
› Author Affiliations
Funding This study was funded by the Suleyman Demirel University, Scientific Researches Coordination Unit (grant number 1945-D-09).
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
03 December 2019 (online)

Abstract

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the effects of systemic fluoride intake on orthodontic tooth movement with histomorphometric and histopathologic methods.

Materials and Methods Forty-eight Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of 12 rats each. Group I received fluoridated water and underwent orthodontic tooth movement. Group II received fluoridated water and did not undergo orthodontic tooth movement. Group III received nonfluoridated water and underwent orthodontic tooth movement. Group IV received nonfluoridated water and did not undergo orthodontic tooth movement. At the beginning of the experiment (T1), impressions were taken from the maxilla of the rats in groups I and III under general anesthesia, and a NiTi closed coil spring appliance was ligated between the left maxillary central incisors and maxillary first molar. The orthodontic force applied was approximately 75 g, and the duration of the experimental period was 18 days. During the experimental period, appliances were controlled daily. At the end of the experimental period (T2), the rats were sacrificed with an overdose of a ketamine/xylasine combination, and their impressions were obtained. The upper first molars were subsequently dissected for histological examination. Incisor–molar distance, number of osteoblasts, number of osteoclasts and periodontal ligament (PDL) space widths on the compression and tension sides were measured.

Statistical Analysis All measurements were statistically analyzed with SPSS for Windows version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Repeated measures ANOVA and posthoc Tukey tests were used to compare the groups.

Results No statistically significant difference was found with respect to the amount of tooth movement between the fluoridated and nonfluoridated groups (p > 0.05). Orthodontic force application increased the number of osteoblasts at the tension sides and reduced it at the compression sides (p < 0.001). An increased number of osteoclasts was observed in the nonfluoridated group relative to the fluoridated group (p < 0.01).

Conclusions No difference was observed with respect to the amount of tooth movement between the fluoridated and nonfluoridated groups. Fluoride significantly reduced the number of osteoclasts in the experimental groups.

 
  • References

  • 1 Hellsing E, Hammarström L. The effects of pregnancy and fluoride on orthodontic tooth movements in rats. Eur J Orthod 1991; 13 (03) 223-230
  • 2 Tyrovola JB, Spyropoulos MN. Effects of drugs and systemic factors on orthodontic treatment. Quintessence Int 2001; 32 (05) 365-371
  • 3 Dequeker J, Declerck K. Fluor in the treatment of osteoporosis. An overview of thirty years clinical research. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1993; 123 (47) 2228-2234
  • 4 Kleerekoper M. The role of fluoride in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998; 27 (02) 441-452
  • 5 Farley JR, Wergedal JE, Baylink DJ. Fluoride directly stimulates proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of bone-forming cells. Science 1983; 222 4621 330-332
  • 6 Bellows CG, Heersche JN, Aubin JE. The effects of fluoride on osteoblast progenitors in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5 (Suppl. 01) S101-S105
  • 7 Inoue M, Nagatsuka H, Tsujigiwa H. et al. In vivo effect of fluoride-substituted apatite on rat bone. Dent Mater J 2005; 24 (03) 398-402
  • 8 Okuda A, Kanehisa J, Heersche JN. The effects of sodium fluoride on the resorptive activity of isolated osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5 (Suppl. 01) S115-S120
  • 9 Singh A, Dass R, Hayreh SS, Jolly SS. Skeletal changes in endemic fluorosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1962; 44B (04) 806-815
  • 10 Singer J, Furstman L, Bernick S. A histologic study of the effect of fluoride on tooth movement in the rat. Am J Orthod 1967; 53 (04) 296-308
  • 11 Kebsch M, Wilkinson M, Petocz P, Darendeliler MA. The effect of fluoride administration on rat serum osteocalcin expression during orthodontic movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 131 (04) 515-524
  • 12 Gonzales C, Hotokezaka H, Karadeniz EI. et al. Effects of fluoride intake on orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontically induced root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 139 (02) 196-205
  • 13 Karadeniz EI, Gonzales C, Elekdag-Turk S. et al. The effect of fluoride on orthodontic tooth movement in humans. A two- and three-dimensional evaluation. Aust Orthod J 2011; 27 (02) 94-101
  • 14 Houston WJ. A new design of rat mouth prop. J Dent Res 1964; 43: 458
  • 15 McComb JL. Orthodontic treatment and isolated gingival recession: a review. Br J Orthod 1994; 21 (02) 151-159
  • 16 Abuabara A. Biomechanical aspects of external root resorption in orthodontic therapy. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007; 12 (08) E610-E613
  • 17 Narmada IB, Rubianto M, Putra ST. The role of low-intensity biostimulation laser therapy in transforming growth factor. β1, bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expression during orthodontic tooth movement in Cavia porcellus. Eur J Dent 2019; 13 (01) 102-107
  • 18 Tehranchi A, Behnia H, Pourdanesh F, Behnia P, Pinto N, Younessian F. The effect of autologous leukocyte platelet rich fibrin on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Eur J Dent 2018; 12 (03) 350-357
  • 19 Zou M, Li C, Zheng Z. Remote corticotomy accelerates orthodontic tooth movement in a rat model. BioMed Res Int 2019; 2019: 4934128
  • 20 Zipkin I, McCLURE FJ. Deposition of fluorine in the bones and teeth of the growing rat. J Nutr 1952; 47 (04) 611-620
  • 21 Matias MA, Li H, Young WG, Bartold PM. Immunohistochemical localization of fibromodulin in the periodontium during cementogenesis and root formation in the rat molar. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38 (05) 502-507
  • 22 Cleall JF, Wilson GW, Garnett DS. Normal craniofacial skeletal growth of the rat. Am J Phys Anthropol 1968; 29 (02) 225-242
  • 23 Roberts WE, Morey ER. Proliferation and differentiation sequence of osteoblast histogenesis under physiological conditions in rat periodontal ligament. Am J Anat 1985; 174 (02) 105-118
  • 24 Tsuchiya S, Tsuchiya M, Nishioka T, Suzuki O, Sasano Y, Igarashi K. Physiological distal drift in rat molars contributes to acellular cementum formation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296 (08) 1255-1263
  • 25 Ren Y, Maltha JC, Van ’t Hof MA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Age effect on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. J Dent Res 2003; 82 (01) 38-42
  • 26 Ren Y, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. The rat as a model for orthodontic tooth movement–a critical review and a proposed solution. Eur J Orthod 2004; 26 (05) 483-490
  • 27 Gedalia I, Zipkin I. The Role of Fluoride in Bone Structure. St. Louis: W. H. Green; 1973
  • 28 Lindskog S, Flores ME, Lilja E, Hammarström L. Effect of a high dose of fluoride on resorbing osteoclasts in vivo. Scand J Dent Res 1989; 97 (06) 483-487
  • 29 Taylor ML, Boyde A, Jones SJ. The effect of fluoride on the patterns of adherence of osteoclasts cultured on and resorbing dentine: a 3-D assessment of vinculin-labelled cells using confocal optical microscopy. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1989; 180 (05) 427-435
  • 30 Ream LJ. The effects of short-term fluoride ingestion on bone formation and resorption in the rat femur. Cell Tissue Res 1981; 221 (02) 421-430
  • 31 Marie PJ, Hott M. Short-term effects of fluoride and strontium on bone formation and resorption in the mouse. Metabolism 1986; 35 (06) 547-551
  • 32 Chavassieux P. Bone effects of fluoride in animal models in vivo. A review and a recent study. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5 (Suppl. 01) S95-S99
  • 33 Modrowski D, Miravet L, Feuga M, Bannié F, Marie PJ. Effect of fluoride on bone and bone cells in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res 1992; 7 (08) 961-969
  • 34 Qu WJ, Zhong DB, Wu PF, Wang JF, Han B. Sodium fluoride modulates caprine osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. J Bone Miner Metab 2008; 26 (04) 328-334
  • 35 Yan X, Feng C, Chen Q. et al. Effects of sodium fluoride treatment in vitro on cell proliferation, apoptosis and caspase-3 and caspase-9 mRNA expression by neonatal rat osteoblasts. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83 (05) 451-458
  • 36 Lundy MW, Farley JR, Baylink DJ. Characterization of a rapidly responding animal model for fluoride-stimulated bone formation. Bone 1986; 7 (04) 289-293
  • 37 Kopp JB, Robey PG. Sodium fluoride lacks mitogenic activity for fetal human bone cells in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5 (Suppl. 01) S137-S141
  • 38 Macapanpan LC, Weinmann JP, Brodie AG. Early tissue changes following tooth movement in rats. Angle Orthod 1954; 24 (02) 79-95
  • 39 Zaki AE, Vanhuysen G. Histology of the periodontium following tooth movement. J Dent Res 1963; 42: 1373-1379
  • 40 Ong CK, Walsh LJ, Harbrow D, Taverne AA, Symons AL. Orthodontic tooth movement in the prednisolone-treated rat. Angle Orthod 2000; 70 (02) 118-125
  • 41 Jäger A, Zhang D, Kawarizadeh A. et al. Soluble cytokine receptor treatment in experimental orthodontic tooth movement in the rat. Eur J Orthod 2005; 27 (01) 1-11
  • 42 Taylor ML, Maconnachie E, Frank K, Boyde A, Jones SJ. The effect of fluoride on the resorption of dentine by osteoclasts in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5 (Suppl. 01) S121-S130
  • 43 Foo M, Jones A, Darendeliler MA. Physical properties of root cementum: Part 9. Effect of systemic fluoride intake on root resorption in rats. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 131 (01) 34-43