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Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 39(05): 546-555
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1673638
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Acute Respiratory Failure and Pulmonary Complications in End-Stage Liver Disease

Nida Qadir
1   Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
,
Tisha Wang
1   Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
,
Igor Barjaktarevic
1   Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
,
Steven Y. Chang
1   Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
28 November 2018 (online)

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Abstract

Acute respiratory failure has a high mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). These patients may develop acute respiratory failure for reasons specific to advanced liver disease, including hepatopulmonary syndrome, portopulmonary hypertension, and hepatic hydrothorax. They may also develop respiratory complications due to conditions seen in the general intensive care unit population to which ESLD patients are at higher risk, including infection, volume overload, and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Management of these patients is complicated and multifaceted, and a comprehensive understanding of the etiologies and treatment of acute respiratory failure is critical in this high-risk patient population. This article reviews current evidence surrounding the prevalence, management, and complications of the various etiologies of acute respiratory failure in ESLD patients.

Keywords

acute respiratory failure - end-stage liver disease - liver transplantation - cirrhosis - acute liver failure - hepatopulmonary syndrome - portopulmonary hypertension - hepatic hydrothorax
 

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