Nutrition for the Young Athlete

Francisco Jesús Llorente-Cantarero; Laura Palomino-Fernández; Mercedes Gil-Campos

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1669382

Journal of Child Science, Table of Contents

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Journal of Child Science 2018; 08(01): e90-e98
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1669382

Review Article

Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Nutrition for the Young Athlete

Francisco Jesús Llorente-Cantarero

¹Department of Artistic and Corporal Education, Faculty of Education, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

,

Laura Palomino-Fernández

²Department of Paediatric, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain

,

Mercedes Gil-Campos

³Metabolism and Pediatric Research Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital/Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), CIBERobn, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Child athletes require a healthy and balanced nutrition according to the type and intensity of the sport activity. This review aims to provide integrated and updated information to establish adequate nutritional guidelines for these children, essentially avoiding deficiencies or unbalances that can be harmful for their health. A lack of vitamins and minerals can affect their health especially at long term and depending on the type of sport and age of the child. The diet must be controlled without any nutritional supplements. It is also important to know which nutrients can improve performance of the child athlete during both training and competition. In conclusion, the contribution of macro- and micronutrients to the diet, together with an adequate hydration according to the energy expenditure must be controlled for child athletes to ensure a good status of health.

Keywords

athletes - children - nutrition - sport - physical activity

Full Text

References

References
1 Palacios N, Montalvo Z, Ribas AM. Alimentación, nutrición e hidratación en el deporte. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Deportes, Ministerio de Educación, Política Social y Deportes. Serv Med Endocrinol Nutr 2009 . Available at: http://www.csd.gob.es/csd/estaticos/dep-salud/guia-alimentacion-deporte.pdf . Accessed November, 2017
2 Eskici G, Ersoy G. An evaluation of wheelchair basketball players' nutritional status and nutritional knowledge levels. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016; 56 (03) 259-268
3 Hosseinzadeh J, Maghsoudi Z, Abbasi B, Daneshvar P, Hojjati A, Ghiasvand R. Evaluation of dietary intakes, body composition, and cardiometabolic parameters in adolescent team sports elite athletes: a cross-sectional study. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6: 107
4 Papadopoulou SK, Papadopoulou SD, Gallos GK. Macro- and micro-nutrient intake of adolescent Greek female volleyball players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2002; 12 (01) 73-80
5 Redondo C, González M, Moreno L, García M. Actividad física, deporte, ejercicio y salud en niños y adolescentes. Assoc Esp Pediatr 2010; xx: 1-208
6 Ruiz JR, Rizzo NS, Hurtig-Wennlöf A, Ortega FB, Wärnberg J, Sjöström M. Relations of total physical activity and intensity to fitness and fatness in children: the European Youth Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84 (02) 299-303
7 Metcalf BS, Voss LD, Hosking J, Jeffery AN, Wilkin TJ. Physical activity at the government-recommended level and obesity-related health outcomes: a longitudinal study (Early Bird 37). Arch Dis Child 2008; 93 (09) 772-777
8 Platat C, Wagner A, Klumpp T, Schweitzer B, Simon C. Relationships of physical activity with metabolic syndrome features and low-grade inflammation in adolescents. Diabetologia 2006; 49 (09) 2078-2085
9 Ortega FB, Tresaco B, Ruiz JR. , et al; AVENA Study Group. Cardiorespiratory fitness and sedentary activities are associated with adiposity in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15 (06) 1589-1599
10 Gil A. Tratado de Nutrición. Nutrición humana en el estado de salud. Madrid: Editorial Medica Panamericana; 2017
11 Torun B. Energy requirements of children and adolescents. Public Health Nutr 2005; 8 (7A): 968-993
12 Palavecino N. . Nutrición para el alto rendimiento: Libros en Red; 2002 . Available at: http://pilarmartinescudero.es/EneroFebreroMarzo2014/nutricion%20para%20el%20alto%20rendimiento.pdf . Accessed February, 2018
13 Wells JC, Davies PS. Estimation of the energy cost of physical activity in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78 (02) 131-136
14 Millward DJ. A new approach to establishing dietary energy reference values. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15 (05) 413-417
15 Ekelund U, Aman J, Yngve A, Renman C, Westerterp K, Sjöström M. Physical activity but not energy expenditure is reduced in obese adolescents: a case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76 (05) 935-941
16 Ball EJ, O'Connor J, Abbott R. , et al. Total energy expenditure, body fatness, and physical activity in children aged 6-9 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74 (04) 524-528
17 Abbott RA, Davies PS. Habitual physical activity and physical activity intensity: their relation to body composition in 5.0-10.5-y-old children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58 (02) 285-291
18 Sánchez-Valverde Visus F, Moráis López A, Ibáñez J, Dalmau Serra J. ; Comité de Nutrición de la Asociación Española de Pediatría [Nutrition recommendations for children who practice sports]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2014; (02) 125.e1-e126 . doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.08.007
19 Petrie HJ, Stover EA, Horswill CA. Nutritional concerns for the child and adolescent competitor. Nutrition 2004; 20 (7–8): 620-631
20 Rosenbloom CA, Loucks AB, Ekblom B. Special populations: the female player and the youth player. J Sports Sci 2006; 24 (07) 783-793
21 Delgado M, Castillo MJ, Gutiérrez A. Entrenamiento físico-deportivo y alimentación. Paidotribo;: 2016
22 Hottenrott K, Hass E, Kraus M, Neumann G, Steiner M, Knechtle B. A scientific nutrition strategy improves time trial performance by ≈6% when compared with a self-chosen nutrition strategy in trained cyclists: a randomized cross-over study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37 (04) 637-645
23 Rodriguez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S. ; American Dietetic Association; Dietitians of Canada; American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109 (03) 509-527
24 Kleinman R. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on nutrition. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. Elk Grove Village: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009
25 Pingitore A, Lima GP, Mastorci F, Quinones A, Iervasi G, Vassalle C. Exercise and oxidative stress: potential effects of antioxidant dietary strategies in sports. Nutrition 2015; 31 (7–8): 916-922
26 Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56 (08) 365-379
27 Committee on Nutrition and the Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Sports drinks and energy drinks for children and adolescents: are they appropriate?. Pediatrics 2011; 127 (06) 1182-1189
28 Institute of the Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005
29 Position of Dietitians of Canada, the American Dietetic Association, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Can J Diet Pract Res 2000; 61 (04) 176-192
30 Litt A. Fuel for Young Athletes: Essential Foods and Fluids for Future Champions. Windsor: Human Kinetics; 2004
31 Nikic M, Pedišic Ž, Šatalic Z, Jakovljevic S, Venus D. Adequacy of nutrient intakes in elite junior basketball players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2014; 24 (05) 516-523
32 Institute of Medicine Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Consensus Report. 2010 . Available at: www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D.aspx . Accessed December, 2017
33 Gomez-Bruton A, Montero-Marín J, González-Agüero A. , et al. Swimming and peak bone mineral density: asystematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2018; 36 (04) 365-377
34 Earl R, Woteki C. Iron Deficiency Anemia: Recommended Guidelines for the Prevention, Detection, and Management Among U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1993
35 Hoch AZ, Goossen K, Kretschmer T. Nutritional requirements of the child and teenage athlete. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2008; 19 (02) 373-398 , x
36 Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. The National Academies Press; 2006.
37 Purcell LK. ; Canadian Paediatric Society, Paediatric Sports and Exercise Medicine Section. Sport nutrition for young athletes. Paediatr Child Health 2013; 18 (04) 200-205
38 Santos DA, Matias CN, Monteiro CP. , et al. Magnesium intake is associated with strength performance in elite basketball, handball and volleyball players. Magnes Res 2011; 24 (04) 215-219
39 Calfee R, Fadale P. Popular ergogenic drugs and supplements in young athletes. Pediatrics 2006; 117 (03) e577-e589
40 Metzl JD, Small E, Levine SR, Gershel JC. Creatine use among young athletes. Pediatrics 2001; 108 (02) 421-425
41 Gomez J. ; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Use of performance-enhancing substances. Pediatrics 2005; 115 (04) 1103-1106
42 Maughan RJ, King DS, Lea T. Dietary supplements. J Sports Sci 2004; 22 (01) 95-113
43 Clarkson P, Coleman E, Rosenbloom C. Risky dietary supplements. Sports Science Exchange Roundtable 48, 2002 ;1:1–4
44 American Dietetic Association. Position of the American dietetic association, dietitians of Canada, and the American college of sports medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100 (12) 1543-1556
45 Bradney M, Pearce G, Naughton G. , et al. Moderate exercise during growth in prepubertal boys: changes in bone mass, size, volumetric density, and bone strength: a controlled prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13 (12) 1814-1821
46 Muñoz MT, Barrios V, Garrido G, Argente J. Ejercicio físico y masa ósea en adolescentes deportistas. Rev Esp Pediatr 2003; 59: 61-69
47 Heinonen A, Sievänen H, Kannus P, Oja P, Pasanen M, Vuori I. High-impact exercise and bones of growing girls: a 9-month controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11 (12) 1010-1017
48 Bagur-Calafat C, Farrerons-Minguella J, Girabent-Farrés M, Serra-Grima JR. The impact of high level basketball competition, calcium intake, menses, and hormone levels in adolescent bone density: a three-year follow-up. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55 (1–2): 58-67
49 Olmedillas H, González-Agüero A, Moreno LA, Casajus JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. Cycling and bone health: a systematic review. BMC Med 2012; 10: 168
50 Guadalupe-Grau A, Fuentes T, Guerra B, Calbet JA. Exercise and bone mass in adults. Sports Med 2009; 39 (06) 439-468
51 Tenforde AS, Fredericson M. Influence of sports participation on bone health in the young athlete: a review of the literature. PM R 2011; 3 (09) 861-867
52 Filaire E, Duché P, Lac G. Effects of amount of training on the saliva concentrations of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and on the dehydroepiandrosterone: cortisol concentration ratio in women over 16 weeks of training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998; 78 (05) 466-471
53 Mountjoy M. Olympic Handbook of Sports Medicine: Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, the Female Athlete: the Female Athlete (1). International Olympic Committee. Wiley-Blackwell; 2014
54 Stefani L, Galanti G, Lorini S, Beni G, Dei M, Maffulli N. Female athletes and menstrual disorders: a pilot study. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2016; 6 (02) 183-187
55 Gil-Campos M, Aguilera CM, Ramírez-Tortosa MC, Cañete R, Gil A. Fasting and postprandial relationships among plasma leptin, ghrelin, and insulin in prepubertal obese children. Clin Nutr 2010; 29 (01) 54-59
56 de Vet E, de Ridder DT, de Wit JB. Environmental correlates of physical activity and dietary behaviours among young people: a systematic review of reviews. Obes Rev 2011; 12 (05) e130-e142
57 Kimm SY, Glynn NW, Kriska AM. , et al. Decline in physical activity in black girls and white girls during adolescence. N Engl J Med 2002; 347 (10) 709-715
58 Finn K, Johannsen N, Specker B. Factors associated with physical activity in preschool children. J Pediatr 2002; 140 (01) 81-85
59 Hinkley T, Crawford D, Salmon J, Okely AD, Hesketh K. Preschool children and physical activity: a review of correlates. Am J Prev Med 2008; 34 (05) 435-441
60 French SA, Lin BH, Guthrie JF. National trends in soft drink consumption among children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years: prevalence, amounts, and sources, 1977/1978 to 1994/1998. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103 (10) 1326-1331
61 Kim SA, Moore LV, Galuska D. , et al; Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. Vital signs: fruit and vegetable intake among children - United States, 2003-2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63 (31) 671-676
62 Han E, Powell LM. Consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 113 (01) 43-53
63 Kunin-Batson AS, Seburg EM, Crain AL. , et al. Household factors, family behavior patterns, and adherence to dietary and physical activity guidelines among children at risk for obesity. J Nutr Educ Behav 2015; 47 (03) 206-215