Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00034916.xml
Download PDF
Nervenheilkunde 2018; 37(07/08): 500-506
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1668316
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1668316
Mentalismus
Die mentale Welt der Anderen
Theory of Mind (Mentalisierung) und ihre neuronalen GrundlagenThe world from the others’ perspectiveTheory of mind (mentalizing) and its neural basisFurther Information
Publication History
eingegangen am:
20 April 2018
angenommen am:
07 May 2018
Publication Date:
31 July 2018 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Das menschliche Gehirn verfügt über eine Reihe von Mechanismen, die uns in die Lage versetzen, die verborgenen mentalen Prozesse unserer Mitmenschen zu erkennen und zu verstehen. Diese Fähigkeiten werden unter dem Begriff Theory of Mind oder Mentalisieren zusammengefasst und haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten als bedeutendes Forschungsgebiet verschiedener Disziplinen – von der Entwicklungspsychologie über die kognitiven Neurowissenschaften bis zur Psychiatrie – etabliert. Dieser Artikel gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Geschichte sowie Gegenwart der Forschung zu Theory of Mind. Im Fokus stehen die neuronalen Grundlagen dieser Fähigkeiten, neben der Beziehung von Theory of Mind zu dem verwandten Konzept der Empathie und der angenommenen Bedeutung des Spiegelneuronensystems werden auch Veränderungen im Verlauf der Entwicklung sowie Störungen im Rahmen psychiatrischer Erkrankungen thematisiert.
Summary
There are a number of mechanisms in the human brain which enable us to recognize and understand the hidden mental processes of other people. These capabilities are subsumed under the term theory of mind or mentalizing and have over the past couple of decades been investigated by researchers in diverse fields – from developmental psychology to cognitive neuroscience and psychiatry. This article provides a short overview of past and present research on theory of mind. While it focuses on the neural underpinnings, it also deals with the relation of theory of mind to the concept of empathy and the supposed contribution of the mirrorneuron system as well as changes during development and impairment in the context of psychiatric disease.
-
Literatur
- 1 Premack D, Woodruff G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1978; 01 (04) 515.
- 2 Martin A, Santos LR. What Cognitive Representations Support Primate Theory of Mind?. Trends Cogn Sci. Regul Ed 2016. 20 (05): 375-82.
- 3 Wimmer H, Perner J. Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition 1983; 13 (01) 103-28.
- 4 Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U. Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”?. Cognition 1985; 21 (01) 37-46.
- 5 Bloom P, German TP. Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory of mind. Cognition 2000; 77 (01) B25-B31.
- 6 Onishi KH, Baillargeon R. Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs?. Science 2005; 308 (5719): 255-8.
- 7 O’Neill DK. Two-Year-Old Children’s Sensitivity to a Parent’s Knowledge State When Making Requests. Child Development 1996; 67 (02) 659-77.
- 8 Walter H. Social Cognitive Neuroscience of Empathy: Concepts, Circuits, and Genes. Emotion Review 2012; 04 (01) 9-17.
- 9 Saxe R, Houlihan SD. Formalizing emotion concepts within a Bayesian model of theory of mind. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 17: 15-21.
- 10 Kliemann D, Adolphs R. The social neuroscience of mentalizing: Challenges and recommendations. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 24: 1-6.
- 11 Gallese V. Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1998; 02 (12) 493-501.
- 12 Mahy CEV, Moses LJ, Pfeifer JH. How and where: Theory-of-mind in the brain. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 09: 68-81.
- 13 van Overwalle F. Social cognition and the brain: A meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30 (03) 829-58.
- 14 Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, Fogassi L. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research 1996; 03 (02) 131-41.
- 15 Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T. Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage 2011; 54 (03) 2492-502.
- 16 Lamm C, Rütgen M, Wagner IC. Imaging empathy and prosocial emotions. Neurosci Lett. 2017
- 17 Niedenthal PM, Brauer M, Halberstadt JB, Innes-Ker ÅH. When did her smile drop?: Facial mimicry and the influences of emotional state on the detection of change in emotional expression. Cognition & Emotion 2001; 15 (06) 853-64.
- 18 Kanske P. The social mind: Disentangling affective and cognitive routes to understanding others. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 2018; 43 (02) 115-24.
- 19 Kanske P, Böckler A, Trautwein F-M, Parianen FHLesemann, Singer T. Are strong empathizers better mentalizers? Evidence for independence and interaction between the routes of social cognition. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11 (09) 1383-92.
- 20 Alcalá-López D, Vogeley K, Binkofski F, Bzdok D. Building Blocks of Social Cognition: Mirror, Mentalize & Share?. Cortex. 2018 in press.
- 21 Carrington SJ, Bailey AJ. Are there theory of mind regions in the brain? A review of the neuroimaging literature. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30 (08) 2313-35.
- 22 Schurz M, Radua J, Aichhorn M, Richlan F, Perner J. Fractionating theory of mind: A meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42: 9-34.
- 23 Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Ford JM. Default mode network activity and connectivity in psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2012; 08: 49-76.
- 24 Spreng RN, Mar RA, Kim ASN. The common neural basis of autobiographical memory, prospection, navigation, theory of mind, and the default mode: A quantitative meta-analysis. J Cogn Neurosci 2009; 21 (03) 489-510.
- 25 van der Meer L, Groenewold NA, Nolen WA, Pijnenborg M, Aleman A. Inhibit yourself and understand the other: Neural basis of distinct processes underlying Theory of Mind. Neuroimage 2011; 56 (04) 2364-74.
- 26 Hartwright CE, Apperly IA, Hansen PC. The special case of self-perspective inhibition in mental, but not non-mental, representation. Neuropsychologia 2015; 67: 183-92.
- 27 Rothmayr C, Sodian B, Hajak G, Döhnel K, Meinhardt J, Sommer M. Common and distinct neural networks for false-belief reasoning and inhibitory control. Neuroimage 2011; 56 (03) 1705-13.
- 28 Leslie AM, Friedman O, German TP. Core mechanisms in “theory of mind”. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2004; 08 (12) 528-33.
- 29 Saxe R, Powell LJ. It’s the thought that counts: Specific brain regions for one component of theory of mind. Psychol Sci 2006; 17 (08) 692-9.
- 30 Saxe R, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Scholz J, Pelphrey KA. Brain regions for perceiving and reasoning about other people in school-aged children. Child Dev 2009; 80 (04) 1197-209.
- 31 Gweon H, Dodell-Feder D, Bedny M, Saxe R. Theory of mind performance in children correlates with functional specialization of a brain region for thinking about thoughts. Child Dev 2012; 83 (06) 1853-68.
- 32 Schnell K, Bluschke S, Konradt B, Walter H. Functional relations of empathy and mentalizing: An fMRI study on the neural basis of cognitive empathy. Neuroimage 2011; 54 (02) 1743-54.
- 33 Mitchell JP, Macrae CN, Banaji MR. Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others. Neuron 2006; 50 (04) 655-63.
- 34 Bzdok D, Langner R, Schilbach L, Engemann DA, Laird AR, Fox PT. et al. Segregation of the human medial prefrontal cortex in social cognition. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 07: 232.
- 35 Alcalá-López D, Smallwood J, Jefferies E, van Overwalle F, Vogeley K, Mars RB. et al. Computing the Social Brain Connectome Across Systems and States. Cereb Cortex 2017; 1-26.
- 36 Schaafsma SM, Pfaff DW, Spunt RP, Adolphs R. Deconstructing and reconstructing theory of mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2015; 19 (02) 65-72.
- 37 Frith U. Mind Blindness and the Brain in Autism. Neuron 2001; 32 (06) 969-79.
- 38 Frith CD. Schizophrenia and theory of mind. Psychological Medicine 2004; 34 (03) 385-9.
- 39 Bliksted V, Ubukata S, Koelkebeck K. Discriminating autism spectrum disorders from schizophrenia by investigation of mental state attribution on an on-line mentalizing task: A review and metaanalysis. Schizophr Res 2016; 171 (1–3): 16-26.
- 40 Russell TA, Reynaud E, Herba C, Morris R, Corcoran R. Do you see what I see? Interpretations of intentional movement in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006; 81 (01) 101-11.
- 41 Bentall RP, Rowse G, Shryane N, Kinderman P, Howard R, Blackwood N. et al. The cognitive and affective structure of paranoid delusions: A transdiagnostic investigation of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66 (03) 236-47.
- 42 Brüne M. “Theory of mind” in schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Schizophr Bull 2005; 31 (01) 21-42.
- 43 Harrington L, Langdon R, Siegert RJ, McClure J. Schizophrenia, theory of mind, and persecutory delusions. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2005; 10 (02) 87-104.
- 44 Langdon R, Ward PB, Coltheart M. Reasoning anomalies associated with delusions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36 (02) 321-30.
- 45 Abu-Akel A, Bailey AL. The posssibility of different forms of theory of mind impairment in psychiatric and developmental disorders. Psychological Medicine 2000; 30 (03) 735-8.
- 46 Crespi B, Badcock C. Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain. Behav Brain Sci 2008; 31 (03) 241-61.
- 47 Sugranyes G, Kyriakopoulos M, Corrigall R, Taylor E, Frangou S. Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia: Meta-analysis of the neural correlates of social cognition. PLoS ONE 2011; 06 (10) e25322.
- 48 Kronbichler L, Tschernegg M, Martin AI, Schurz M, Kronbichler M. Abnormal Brain Activation During Theory of Mind Tasks in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43 (06) 1240-50.
- 49 Bölte S, Ciaramidaro A, Schlitt S, Hainz D, Kliemann D, Beyer A. et al. Training-induced plasticity of the social brain in autism spectrum disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 207 (02) 149-57.
- 50 Walter H, Ciaramidaro A, Adenzato M, Vasic N, Ardito RB, Erk S. et al. Dysfunction of the social brain in schizophrenia is modulated by intention type: An fMRI study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2009; 04 (02) 166-76.
- 51 Ciaramidaro A, Bölte S, Schlitt S, Hainz D, Poustka F, Weber B. et al. Schizophrenia and autism as contrasting minds: Neural evidence for the hypo-hyper-intentionality hypothesis. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41 (01) 171-9.
- 52 Fonagy P, Luyten P. A developmental, mentalizationbased approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2009; 21 (04) 1355-81.
- 53 Dziobek I, Preissler S, Grozdanovic Z, Heuser I, Heekeren HR, Roepke S. Neuronal correlates of altered empathy and social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage 2011; 57 (02) 539-48.
- 54 Cusi AM, Nazarov A, Holshausen K, Macqueen GM, McKinnon MC. Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012; 37 (03) 154-69.
- 55 Walter H, Mohnke S. Mentalizing and Psychopathology in Schizophrenia, Depression, and Social Anxiety. In: jBrain Mapping. München: Elsevier; 2015: 183-9.
- 56 Zobel I, Werden D, Linster H, Dykierek P, Drieling T, Berger M. et al. Theory of mind deficits in chronically depressed patients. Depress Anxiety 2010; 27 (09) 821-8.
- 57 Mattern M, Walter H, Hentze C, Schramm E, Drost S, Schoepf D. et al. Behavioral evidence for an impairment of affective theory of mind capabilities in chronic depression. Psychopathology 2015; 48 (04) 240-50.